Although the increase in prison populations receives the most publicity, a greater
proportion of correctional growth has occurred in probation and parole.
a. True
b. False
A(n) __________ is a public official with full authority to investigate citizens’
complaints against government officials.
a. ombudsman
b. detective
c. parole officer
d. internal officer
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Post-custody supervision in the community
b. Without any further correctional supervision
c. Used with indeterminate sentence
d. Furloughs
e. Required release
f. The prisoner promises to abide by certain conditions in exchange for being released
g. Stipulated by parole guidelines based on offenders actions
h. Treat a mental abnormality
i. The government extends the privilege of release
j. Conditional release
Conditional release
Attempts to reform prisons began in the 1500s with the disintegration of feudalism.
a. True
b. False
Pell grants are no longer available to prisoners; this program had provided:
a. tutoring.
b. college loans.
c. mental health services.
d. job assistance.
How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment?
a. People reconsidered the administration of law and redefined corrections.
b. During this period the classical school of criminology emerged, with its insistence on
a rational link between the gravity of the crime and the severity of the punishment.
c. The social contract and utilitarianism emphasized limitations on the government and
the need to erect a system of punishments so that people would be deterred from crime.
d. all of above
Which court decision held that the basic elements of procedural due process must be
present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate?
a. Wolff v. McDonnell
b. Estelle v. Gamble
c. Holt v. Sarver
d. Pugh v. Locke
The first and basic “essentials of due process” are required by juvenile offenders was
determined in what landmark case?
a. Kent v. United States
b. In Re Winship
c. Breed v. Jones
d. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
For the purpose of deterrence of future criminal acts, which principle(s) did Cesare
Beccaria believe were most valuable for carrying out a punishment?
a. severity
b. swiftness
c. certainty
d. both swiftness and certainty
Out of all of the major components of corrections, jails and the issues surrounding their
function and operation tend to be the most widely studied by academics.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following was NOT one of the many innovative ideas of our nation’s first
probation officer, John Augustus?
a. social casework
b. presentence investigation reports
c. system of parole
d. revocation of probation
Sarah Doremus and Abby Gibbons formed the Women’s Prison Association in New
York to improve living conditions for female offenders.
a. True
b. False
Inmates who fall victim to sexual violence while incarcerated tend to be:
a. gang leaders.
b. HIV positive.
c. elderly.
d. not affiliated with a gang.
Interdependence between staff and offenders is considered a(n) ______________
relationship:
a. informal enforcement
b. exchange
c. security
d. screening
In which of the following ways may probation be terminated?
a. The probationer completes the period of probation.
b. Probation caseloads are so large that some probationers have their probation
terminated.
c. The probationer commits some misbehavior that warrants the probation be
terminated.
d. Both the probationer completes the period of probation and the probationer commits
some misbehavior that warrants the probation be terminated.
According to the authors, mental illness is prevalent in prison.
a. True
b. False
Incarceration, in the tradition of the early English workhouse, developed in the
immediate aftermath of the American Revolutionary War.
a. True
b. False
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources
d. Workers who provide programs and services
e. Power between national and state government
f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
g. One of the goals of corrections
h. Common goals influenced by the environment
i.Conforms to the rules of society
j.Manages accused or convicted offenders
Corrections
For two decades, the crime rate in the United States has been:
a. declining.
b. rising.
c. stable.
d. erratic.
Which of the following would NOT be considered a secure placement for a juvenile?
a. foster home
b. residential center
c. reform school
d. training school
Correctional leaders have found the best way to weaken prison gangs is to:
a. negotiate between gang members.
b. place gang members in the general population
c. transfer gang members to another institution.
d. all of these
African American youths are more likely to be arrested for all crimes than any other
race.
a. True
b. False
By far the most successful pretrial release program is:
a. unsecured bail.
b. percentage bail.
c. forfeit bail.
d. release on recognizance (ROR).
The authors contend that the field of corrections will get nowhere without:
a. ample resources.
b. effective methodologies.
c. effective leadership.
d. a new vision.
Probation and parole officers state that their original decision to become involved in
this particular career field is based on their desire to:
a. become financially secure.
b. help people.
c. take criminals out of society.
d. advance their careers.
An institution’s main contact with the outside world is:
a. the line staff.
b. the professional staff.
c. the inmates.
d. the warden.
Classification is a one-time procedure.
a. True
b. False
In 2009, approximately how many juveniles were arrested?
a. 500,000
b. 200,000
c. 1.9 million
d. 2.8 million
The approach to criminology is based on the assumption that human behavior is a
product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors, and that the
scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.
a. Classical School
b. Positivist School
c. Progressive School
d. Neoclassical School
According to the authors, ___________ is the most visible penalty imposed by the
American criminal justice system.
a. imprisonment
b. probation
c. parole
d. the death sentence
Which of the following is most likely to lead to parole revocation?
a. a dirty drug test
b. loss of a job
c. an arrest for a new crime
d. all of these
The offender is most likely to be the object of exploitation and practical jokes
while__________ incarcerated.
a. situational
b. career
c. mentally handicapped
d. alcohol
One strength of intermediate sanctions is that there appears to be little racial, gender, or
age bias in their application.
a. True
b. False
Aggravated and mitigating circumstances are looked at during the sentencing phase of a
bifurcated trial.
a. True
b. False
Experts usually cite_________ as reasons wrongful convictions occur.
a. plea-bargaining pressures
b. community pressure
c. eyewitness error
d. all of these
Unjust punishments can occur because of sentencing disparities and _____________.
There are several techniques used to determine whether someone is using drugs while
on probation. One technique includes__________ .
______________ refers to a facility often referred to as a “drunk tank” that is
authorized to hold people prior to court appearances and are usually managed by local
municipal police agencies.
The most frequently applied criminal sanction is__________ .
________________ is the federal law that established determinate sentencing, reduced
good time, and abolished parole, all of which substantially increased the average length
of imprisonment.
The idea that prison disorder results from unstable, divided, or otherwise weak
management is known as the_______ .
Racist _____________, it is argued, help produce the higher crime rates among
minorities, and then racist fears of minorities help justify treating them more harshly
when they are caught.
A leading 18th-century English correctional reformer who was responsible for the
creation and later implementation of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 was ______ .
Immediately following the Civil War, the ______________ system of corrections
permitted inmates to be loaned to private contractors who provided prisoners food and
clothing in exchange for their labor.
Define federalism and discuss how it impacts the various correctional systems
throughout our nation.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Most modern female prisons in the United States today were designed to resemble a
_________________.
Describe, in detail, the rationale for non-prison based penalties. Do you agree or
disagree with this reasoning? Be sure to fully explain your answer.
Answer:Answers will vary.
A __________is someone who squeals or sells out to the authorities.
Based on the assumptions of indeterminate sentences and rehabilitation programs,
__________ release is designed to allow the parole board to release inmates to
conditional supervision in the community when they are deemed “ready” to live as law
abiding citizens.
The ______________________ Act is a federal law that was passed in 1988 that
requires states to determine whether the proportion of minorities in confinement
exceeds their proportion in the community.
What is pretrial diversion? List and explain the three main reasons why it tends to be
supported as a practice. What do critics counter? Should pretrial diversion be used more
or less frequently? Be sure to fully defend your answer.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Discuss the concept of preventive detention. Why would your state practice this method
and what are its intended benefits? What are the possible negative effects if a state opts
not to incorporate preventive detention? In your opinion, do the potential risks of not
incorporating it outweigh the benefits?
Answer:Answers will vary.
The ______________ were a group that looked to the social, economic, biological, and
psychological rather than religious or moral explanations for the causes of crime.