Anthropology is a holistic discipline because it
A. has traditionally focused on nonindustrial societies.
B. deals with human culture.
C. does not attempt to make generalizations about humanity.
D. now focuses on industrial societies.
E. studies human biological, cultural, and linguistic variation across both time and
space.
The statement, __________, is a distinction between culture and society.
A. “culture is the result of higher education, whereas society is shared by all people”
B. “people share society with other animals, but culture is distinctly human”
C. “culture is genetically programmed, whereas society is transmitted through social
learning”
D. “people attain culture through international travel but society is the social
environment of their native land”
E. “society rests more upon certain features of human biology than culture does”
Cross-cultural studies indicate that
A. men contribute much more to subsistence than women do.
B. a gender-based division of labor is very uncommon.
C. in most societies, women tend to be the primary child caregivers.
D. women generally are less restricted than men are with respect to premarital and
extramarital sex.
E. men never contribute to child care.
__________ contributed to the emergence of the American notion that “a woman’s
place is in the home.”
A. European immigration around 1900
B. World War II
C. Voting rights for women
D. Inflation
E. The Women’s Rights Movement
__________ defines the contemporary world in flux, with people on the move, in which
established canons, categories, distinctions, and boundaries are breaking down.
A. Postmodernity
B. Indigenization
C. Diaspora
D. Hegemony
E. Globalization
According to Tylor, religion evolves through the sequence of
A. olympianism, polytheism, monotheism.
B. animism, polytheism, monotheism.
C. mana, polytheism, monotheism.
D. animism, cargo cults, monotheism.
E. polytheism, animism, monotheism.
Development projects that assume all “less-developed countries” are alike
A. have only limited chances of succeeding.
B. are the most successful kind of development scheme.
C. have never taken place.
D. are known as utopian intervention.
E. are known as research and development.
Rathje’s garbology project
A. studies the stratification of landfills.
B. is archaeology of modern people.
C. answered the question why people leave things behind for archaeologists to find.
D. is a study of potsherds.
E. was conducted in ancient Egypt.
Survey research differs from ethnography because survey research
A. studies whole functioning communities.
B. is based on first-hand fieldwork.
C. is more personal.
D. generally focuses on a subset of a larger population.
E. has traditionally been used to study small-scale, nonindustrial societies.
If rights to land are passed on through descent groups, the __________ adaptive
strategy is most likely.
A. large-game hunting
B. nonindustrial food producing
C. reciprocal
D. foraging
E. redistribution
__________ refers to the different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with
particular groups within the same complex society.
A. Subcultures
B. Globalization
C. Diffusion
D. Hypodescent
E. Pidgins
Berlin and Kay’s (1969/1992) cross-linguistic study of color terminology revealed that
A. women tend to use fewer color terms and men tend to use more color terms.
B. color terminology was least developed in areas with a history of using dyes and
artificial coloring.
C. all languages included sixteen basic color terms.
D. the languages of cultivators in Papua New Guinea and foragers in Australia had
more basic color terms than did European and Asian languages.
E. there are only two basic color terms, black and white.
Westernization often is described as a form of
A. exodus
B. postmodernism
C. acculturation
D. enculturation
E. migration
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. “anthropologists view sexual orientation as learned, malleable, and culturally
constructed”
B. “culture plays a role in molding individual sexual urges toward a collective norm”
C. “individuals differ in every society on the nature, range, and intensity of their sexual
interests”
D. “sexual orientation is genetically predetermined, and culture plays no role in its
expression”
E. “four forms of sexual orientation – heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and
asexuality -are found throughout the world”
__________ is the dominant intervention philosophy today.
A. Neoclassicism
B. Neoimperialism
C. Neosocialism
D. Neocommunism
E. Neoliberalism
The zadruga is a type of extended-family household in
A. Mexico.
B. Malabar Coast of India.
C. Eastern Siberia.
D. Western Bosnia.
E. Japan.
Define the genealogical method. Explain why it is important for anthropologists to
gather genealogical data.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Compare two of the following in terms of gender roles and stratification: (a) foraging
societies, (b) matrilineal-matrilocal societies, (c) patrilineal-patrilocal societies, and (e)
industrial societies.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Kottak describes his __________ on his arrival in Arembepe, Brazil.
A. culture shock
B. the ethnographic present
C. survey techniques
D. interview schedules
E. bifocality of the local and the outside world
According to Marx, classes are
A. desirable, because they perform tasks necessary to the survival of society.
B. part of the original, preindustrial social system of humans.
C. opposed to one another based on conflicting economic interests.
D. based more on notions of prestige and morality than on actual economic differences.
E. not important to an understanding of history.
Cargo cults are
A. an example of religion as a form of social control.
B. a type of revitalization movement in response to new contact with industrial
societies.
C. based on the popular style of pants with many pockets.
D. religious organizations within the United States that meet in large warehouses.
E. rites of passage found among the Betsileo of Madagascar.
The Malagasy development program illustrates the importance of
A. the local government’s commitment to improving the lives of its citizens.
B. replacing subsistence farming with a viable cash crop.
C. replacing outdated traditional techniques of irrigation.
D. breaking down corporate descent groups, which are too independent and interfere
with development.
E. the top-down strategies developed by the United Nations.
Economies are embedded in society because
A. nonindustrial producers do not partake in the results of their labor.
B. nonindustrial economies have little to do with the everyday lives of people.
C. relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with
economic aspects.
D. governments strictly regulate most nonindustrial economies.
E. most economic activity takes place far from home.
__________ refers to sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative.
A. Levirate
B. Sororate
C. Polyandry
D. Incest
E. Exogamy
The term alienation describes __________ in industrial economies.
A. the peasants’ loss of land
B. an increasing subculture of poverty
C. negative reciprocity
D. the separation of workers from the things they produce
E. the great distances that separate the homes and workplaces of most people
When studying a culture today, anthropologists
A. must focus on one site at one point in time.
B. will not take photos of their informants due to privacy laws.
C. try to find cultures that have never been contacted by another culture.
D. must consider power differentials and how they affect cultures.
E. only study cultures with no access to television.
Mass production gave rise to a culture of
A. competitiveness.
B. consumption.
C. creativity.
D. instant communication.
E. expansion.
Taking part in the events one is witnessing and describing is
A. longitudinal research
B. emic research
C. etic research
D. informed consent
E. participant observation
Lobolo is a substantial gift to be given before, at, or after a marriage
A. by the wife to her husband.
B. by the husband to his wife.
C. by the wife’s kin to her husband.
D. by the wife’s kin to her husband’s kin.
E. by the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin.
___________ is the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who
once had contact with it.
A. Contagious magic
B. Imitative magic
C. Serial magic
D. Sequential magic
E. Simultaneous magic