As capitalism has spread globally, the gap between rich and poor has decreased both
within and between nations.
National boundaries no long restrict forces influencing production and consumption.
Although there are many different levels of culture, an individual can participate in only
one level at a time.
Cultural relativism is a core value of American society.
Patriarchy only occurs in such tribal societies as the Yanomami.
All human nonverbal communication is instinctive and thus not influenced by culture.
Non-Western medicine does not maintain a sharp distinction between biological and
psychological illnesses.
Members of a clan claim (but cannot demonstrate) descent from a common apical
ancestor.
Culture is both public and individual, both in the world and in people’s minds.
Only bilingual people engage in situationally negotiated identities.
The nuclear family is a feature of all known cultures.
Deforestation is more likely to occur in a food-producing society than a foraging
culture.
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that speakers of simple languages are unable to
think in sophisticated ways.
Multiculturalism is the opposite of assimilationism.
The term enculturation refers to the process through which children learn culture.
Intersex can result from such unusual chromosome combination as X0.
“Hispanic” is a racial category referring to people who are biologically descended from
indigenous Central or South American populations.
Male-female avoidance among the Etoro was linked to beliefs about the cycle of birth,
physical growth, maturity, old age, and death.
The globalization of risk describes the commercial value of generating new ideas and
converting them into products and services that consumers want.
The World Economic Forum in 2006 ranked the U.S. as 61st in the world in terms of
equal pay for equal work.
Full-time priests are often found in band-level foraging societies.
Indigenous peoples can do nothing to counter threats to their cultural identity,
autonomy, and livelihood posed by globalization.
The idea of universal, inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and
customs of particular cultures challenges the notion of cultural relativism.
Marx argued that socioeconomic stratification was based on the sharp, simple division
between successful Protestant industrialists and poor Catholic peasants.
The specific roles assigned to each gender vary from culture to culture.
By participating in a ritual, performers signal that they accept a common social and
moral order.
Primatology is included in biological anthropology.
In nonindustrial societies, economic activities and relationships are embedded in
society.
All languages and dialects are equally effective as systems of communication.
Tarawad is the Nayar word for nuclear family.
Studies investigating differences in the way men and women talk are examples of
sociolinguistics.
In industrialized nations, extended families are more common among the lower class
than among the upper class.
According to anthropologists, cultures eventually become fixed traditions and stop
changing.
Rites of passage involve three phases: separation, liminality, and totemism.
Syntax refers to the rules that dictate the order of words in a language.
Pastoralists are specialized herders whose subsistence strategies focus on domesticated
animals.
Imperialism is a relatively recent phenomenon that began with the British Empire.
The process by which children learn culture is
A. acculturation.
B. cultural transmission.
C. enculturation.
D. ethno absorption.
E. diffusion.
One of the main differences between descent groups and nuclear families is that
A. descent groups are typically not involved with politics, while nuclear families are.
B. nuclear families are always exogamous, while descent groups are always
endogamous.
C. descent groups are permanent, while nuclear families are not.
D. members of descent groups are called affines, while members of nuclear families are
consanguines.
E. nuclear families are found only in industrial societies, while descent groups are
found only in foraging societies.
The __________ disease theory would attribute a person’s illness to the consumption of
hot or cold substances under the wrong conditions.
A. personalistic
B. naturalistic
C. biomedical
D. emotionalistic
E. tribal
Modern colonialism began
A. following World War II.
B. with the fall of Rome.
C. during the European “Age of Discovery.”
D. because of the Bolshevik Revolution.
E. at the end of the Seven Years’ War.
The Basseri and the Qashqai
A.were nomadic foraging groups in Iran.
B.enjoyed a symbiotic relationship existed between the Basseri, who were nomadic
pastoralists, and the Qashqai, who were horticulturalists.
C.differ in leadership because a Basseri “big man” (tonowi) could enforce his decisions,
whereas the Qashqai village head could only lead by example.
D.differ in authority structure with the Qashqai featuring a more complex and
hierarchical structure than the Basseri.
E.were two of the age sets in Melanesian society.
Horticulture differ from agriculture in that
A. the former involves the use of domesticated animals, while the latter does not.
B. because they do not irrigate their fields, agriculturalists are more dependent on
seasonal rains.
C. agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not.
D. the former is labor intensive, while the latter is land intensive.
E. horticulture’s long-term yield is far greater and more dependable than that of
agriculture.
__________ is a priority issue to the Malagasy, the people of Madagascar.
A. Human poverty
B. Lemur extinction
C. Deforestation
D. Getting local television programming that reflects their culture
E. Lemur interference at airports
Cultural rights different from human rights in that
A. human rights are real, while cultural rights are just perceived.
B. cultural rights are morally based, while human rights are methodologically based.
C. cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals.
D. cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights.
E. the term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights.
The worldwide increase in female-headed households does not stem from
A. decreasing divorce rates.
B. male migration.
C. unwed adolescent parenthood.
D. civil strife.
E. the idea that child care is a woman’s responsibility.
__________ is a cultural generality.
A. Life in groups
B. The use of fire
C. Incest taboo
D. Use of symbols
E. Nuclear family
A matrilineal-matrilocal society is most likely to emerge when
A. population pressure is high.
B. a shift to agriculture has recently taken place.
C. men’s hunting activities are more important than women’s gathering.
D. polygyny is common.
E. warfare is infrequent.
Biological differences between males and females, other than contrasts in breasts and
genitals, is
A. sex.
B. sexual dimorphism.
C. gender.
D. gender dimorphism.
E. sexual bifurcation.
The relatively high incidence of expanded family households among poorer North
Americans is
A. the result of a patrilocal residence pattern.
B. an adaptation to poverty.
C. maladaptive, since smaller families would have fewer expenses.
D. the result of bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the United States by
Scotch-Irish immigrants during the early part of the 20th century.
E. the reason welfare in the United States is ineffective.
The United States census bureau has found that.
A. the choice of “some other race” has increased since 1980.
B. its racial categories are strictly biological.
C. people do not have any trouble selecting one racial category.
D. its racial categories are based on hyperdescent.
E. its racial categories are the same as ones used in the Canadian census.
Incest taboo
A. only exists in societies that practice patrilocal residence.
B. is a feature of a capitalist economy.
C. does not eliminate incest.
D. has a genetic basis.
E. is not documented in classic ethnographies.
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. “according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was believed to sap a man’s
vitality”
B. “according to the Etoro, women who wanted too much heterosexual intercourse were
viewed as witches”
C. “according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted only about 100 days
a year”
D. “according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted to take place only in
a couple’s residence”
E. “according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was seen as a necessary sacrifice
that would eventually lead to a man’s death”
The religious specialist most frequently found among foraging bands is a
A. full-time practitioner.
B. shaman.
C. witch.
D. priest.
E. totem.
__________ refers to the tendency to view less-developed countries as more alike than
they are.
A. Cultural relativism
B. Ethnobias
C. Overinnovation
D. Underdifferentiation
E. Intervention philosophy
__________ is a characteristic of most foraging societies.
A. Social stratification
B. Sedentism
C. Egalitarianism
D. Irrigation
E. Large populations
Most professional linguists regard BEV as a(n)
A. protolanguage.
B. distinct language.
C. linguistic anomaly.
D. dialect of English.
E. inferior version of English.
BHP Billiton in Papua New Guinea
A. increased the standard of living for the majority of the indigenous population.
B. closed the mine that was not up to environmental standards.
C. denied that they have made any negative environmental impacts.
D. has caused flooding and pollution that has forced many indigenous families to move.
E. began a reforestation project.
Cultural relativism is
A. a cultural universal, based upon the human capacity to use symbols.
B. the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the
standards of another culture.
C. a cultural particular, based upon the interrelatedness of humans.
D. the opposite of participant observation.
E. the same thing as ethnocentrism.
More than half of American households with incomes below the poverty line
A. are patrifocal.
B. are extended.
C. are headed by men.
D. are headed by women.
E. are headed by grandparents.
Chiefdoms differ from states in that
A.chiefdom status systems are based on differential access to resources.
B.chiefdoms lack socioeconomic stratification and stratum endogamy.
C.chiefdoms lack ascribed statuses.
D.chiefdoms have permanent political regulation.
E.chiefdoms have full-time religious specialists.
The custom in which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband is a
A. sororate marriage
B. serial polyandry
C. filial marriage
D. levirate marriage
E. polygynous marriage
Nationalities are “imagined communities” because
A. all were created by colonial governments.
B. most members of a nationality will never meet.
C. they are merely fictional constructs of the ruling intelligentsia.
D. nationalities are comprised of many different ethnic groups and subcultures.
E. the members of a nationality constantly compare their society to an idealized,
quasi-historical past.
A mode of production is
A. a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture and international
mercantilism
B. the land, labor, and technology used in production
C. the way production is organized in a society
D. technology used to produce consumer goods
E. the cultural aspects of an economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and
clothing industry
An age set is
A.a village council.
B.a pantribal sodality that represents a certain level of social achievement.
C.all men and women related by patrilineal descent from a human apical ancestor.
D.all men and women related by matrilineal descent from a nonhuman apical ancestor.
E.a group including all men or women born during a certain span of time.
The best examples of pantribal sodalities existed among societies in
A.Melanesia.
B.Polynesia.
C.The Great Plains of North America.
D.Southern Europe.
E.Papua New Guinea.
“Race” is
A. based on biology, while ethnicity is based on culture.
B. only important in the United States.
C. an achieved status.
D. a scientifically defined characteristic.
E. culturally constructed.
When a tenant farmer gives 20 percent of his crop to his landlord, he is allocating
resources to a
A. social fund.
B. subsistence fund.
C. ceremonial fund.
D. replacement fund.
E. rent fund.
__________ resulted from the growing demand for sugar in Europe.
A. The independent indigenous nations of Mexico and South America, which grew
sugarcane, became more powerful.
B. Sugar-producing nations moved from the periphery to the core of the world system.
C. Capitalism expanded to the rest of the world.
D. The transatlantic slave trade developed.
E. English peasants who grew sugarcane became members of the bourgeoisie.
__________ is the term for the marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage.
A. Voodoo
B. Mana
C. Taboo
D. Liminality
E. Animism
The family in which a child is raised is the
A. family of procreation.
B. family of orientation.
C. family of nucleation.
D. levirate family.
E. sororate family.
The Romance languages (e.g., French, Spanish) belong to the ________ language
families.
A. Mixe-Zoque
B. Indo-European
C. North Caucasian
D. Dravidian
E. Austro-Asiatic
Explain the notion of “imagined community.”
Answer:Answers will vary.
Compare endogamy and exogamy and determine how absolute the distinction is
between the two. Use examples to illustrate your argument.
Answer:Answers will vary.
List the major implications of food production. Describe how reliance on food
production affects the social, economic, and political organization of societies.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Discuss the evidence for climate change and the specific evidence that climate change
is at least partially human-driven. List the human factors that influence climate change.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Describe how a rent fund is different from a subsistence fund. Cite examples to
illustrate your argument.
Answer:Answers will vary.
List the three dimensions of social stratification as defined by Weber. Discuss the basis
of each dimension, and answer how stratification differs from status systems in
non-state societies.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Explain how industrialism affected gender roles and stratification. Discuss the reasons
that poverty is becoming feminized.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Describe at least two methods of social control and two methods of resistance. Give
examples.
Answer:Answers will vary.
List the three key characteristics of human language. Discuss whether call systems and
ASL-using nonhuman primates display these characteristics.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Discuss the differences between identities that may be situationally negotiated and
those that cannot. Give specific examples of both.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Describe the difference between assimilationism and multiculturalism. Identify how
these concepts affect minority ethnic groups.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Define hypodescent. Determine if it exists in every human society.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Discuss why the term indigenous people has great political weight. Identify what
indigenous movements in Latin America have emphasized in their drive for
self-determination.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Define globalization two ways. Identify when each type began, and give examples of
both definitions.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Identify the four subdisciplines of anthropology. Define each subdiscipline and give one
example of something each might study.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Define racial classification. Describe how the modern anthropological approach to the
study of human biological diversity differs from racial classification.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Define the term social race. Describe how this concept differs from “race” as perceived
by the average American.
Answer:Answers will vary.