Which statement reflects structuring criminality based on economic need?
a. Career offenders have learned when to take a chance and when to be cautious.
b. Offenders commit crime because they may know people who have made “big scores”
c. Criminals appear to be impulsive.
d. Offenders may commit crime when the “right target” presents itself.
The top 1 percent of households have percent of all wealth in the United States.
a. 13
b. 23
c. 43
d. 63
Critical criminologists contend that the wealthy stratum of society can be involved in
acts that should be described as crimes but are not, such as racism, sexism, and
profiteering.
a. True
b. False
Border patrols are examples of strategies aimed at stopping drug use.
a. rehabilitation
b. interdiction
c. restorative
d. diversion
Females are more likely than males to be victims of rape and sexual assault.
a. two times
b. four times
c. six times
d. ten times
A pyramid scheme is one type of____ whereby people use their institutional or business
position to trick others out of their money.
a. corporate crime
b. white-collar fraud
c. financial chiseling
d. employee fraud
According to the research, how many of all U.S. households contain guns?
a. one-tenth
b. one-fourth
c. one-third
d. one-half
The Clean Water Act is designed to protect and recover endangered and threatened
species of fish, wildlife, and plants.
a. True
b. False
Specific deterrence is also called particular deterrence.
a. True
b. False
Mediated face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers that are designed
to produce restitution agreements are called
a. recidivist prevention programs.
b. trial diversion programs.
c. victim-offender reconciliation programs.
d. alternative dispute resolution programs.
Beth’s story of victimization coincides with the research on gender and victimization
because of women victims knew or were related to their attacker.
a. 1/3
b. 1/2
c. 2/3
d. 2/5
Expressive crimes are committed to:
a. attain power
b. make money
c. obtain desired goods
d. vent rage
______is a process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of the
mainstream of society and offenders begin their escalating cycle of deviance.
a. Reactive stigmata
b. Differential morality
c. Retrospective association
d. Deviance amplification
According to the conflict view of crime, criminal laws are viewed as acts created to
protect the haves from the have-nots.
a. True
b. False
Nature theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry
determines IQ, and that low intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to
criminal behavior.
a. True
b. False
Power-control theorists encourage a new approach to the study of criminality that
includes gender differences.
a. True
b. False
When labeling alienates parents from their children and negative labels reduce
children’s self image and increase delinquency, this process is referred to as:
a. deviance amplification
b. reflected appraisal
c. retrospective reading
d. successful degradation ceremony
One of Martha’s children is a 15 year old boy. He is starting high school in the fall. She
is concerned that he will start to hang out with the wrong crowd and possibly begin to
commit crime. According to the research, the peak age for property crime is believed to
be and thus Martha should be mindful of her son’s activities.
a. 13
b. 14
c. 15
d. 16
Joseph went into the military after high school. He was seriously injured while
stationed in the Middle East.
He returned home to find out that his parents had passed away in a car accident. As a
result of his injuries and the loss of his parents, Joseph became addicted to prescribed
pain killers and after that heroin. He no longer cares about himself and has decided it is
better if he just withdraws from society and continues to use drugs. According to
Merton, which social adaptation describes Joseph?
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Retreatism
d. Ritualism
Future members of al Qaeda fought against the Soviets in Afghanistan and launched the
9/11 attacks against America. Since seizing territory is not one of al Qaeda’s goals, then
it would not be classified as terrorism.
a. retributive
b. nationalist
c. political
d. revolutionary
To be reintegrative, shaming must be a long term process.
a. True
b. False
According to arousal theory, sensation seekers look for stimulating activities that may
include aggressive, violent behavior patterns.
a. True
b. False
Acts that vent rage, anger, or frustration are known as expressive violence.
a. True
b. False
Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory states that
a. criminal behavior is a product of impaired social bonds.
b. criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior.
c. criminal behavior is a function of educational inequality within the lower class.
d. criminal behavior is a function of media exposure.
Cohesive communities with high levels of social control and social integration and
where people develop interpersonal ties are also likely to develop
a. high levels of incivility.
b. collective efficacy.
c. mistrust of public social control.
d. siege mentality.
About one month after his release, Trevor is frustrated that he has been unable to find a
job. He is living on his sister’s couch and is tired of hearing her complain about him
eating all the food in the house. He feels he has no other option but to get money
quickly. He develops a plan to rob the local convenience store late one
night. As he walks towards the convenience store, he notices that there are a lot of
police officers doing a DUI checkpoint about a half a mile down the road. He decides
that it would not be wise to attempt to commit this robbery. What effect has occurred
here?
a. diffusion
b. discouragement
c. displacement
d. replacement
Which of the following statements is accurate?
a. Societies usually encourage behaviors, and thus finds itself in conflict with
lawmakers, who consider those acts dangerous.
b. The line between behaviors that are immoral and those that are criminal are often
blurred.
c. People with strong moral beliefs are less likely to engage in moral crusades than
people absent strong moral beliefs.
d. Most behaviors, such as murder and theft, were declared criminal by government
before they were deemed immoral by society.
Structural theorists consider it essential to demystify law and justice ” that is, to unmask
its true purpose.
a. True
b. False
Martha has decided to move to San Francisco, California. She decides to attend a
neighborhood watch meeting where the local police department is speaking. They are
explaining the crime trends over the past 30 years. Which of the following is accurate
information concerning the crime rates?
a. Crime rates peaked in the 1970s and have been in sharp decline ever since.
b. Crime rates peaked in the 1980s and have been in sharp decline ever since.
c. Crime rates peaked in the 1990s and have been in sharp decline ever since.
d. Crime rates peaked in the 2000s and have been in sharp decline ever since.
Unlike any other crime, in a rape case it is essential to prove that the attack was forced
and that no question of_____ exists.
a. consensual influence
b. voluntary manipulation
c. consensual authority
d. voluntary compliance