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Among the Huichol the peyote cactus is thought to be the:
a. bride of the devil
b. sacrifice of the creator god
c. footprint of the sacred deer
d. food of the sun god
The African Burial Ground is a cemetery in:
a. West Africa which has been studied by anthropologists
b. East Africa where secondary burials of skeletons have been found
c. New York city that contains the burials of slaves from the 18th century
d. South Africa containing cremated remains
Examples of genital cutting performed on males include all of the following except:
a. circumcision
b. subincision
c. infibulations
d. none of the above; all are practiced on males
The importance of ancestors in a society is often a reflection of the importance of:
a. kinship
b. death
c. inheritance of wealth
d. reincarnation
Which of the following statements about Wiccan magic is false?:
a. It is based on the worldview that there is a power that exists in all things.
b. Objects such as crystals, oils, candles and images are often use
d.
c. Working of magic requires a consideration of nature (e.g., season, weather).
d. Magic can be done to cause harm only if the person truly deserves it.
Freud described myths as:
a. neuroses
b. shared dreams
c. psychoanalysis
d. psychological conflict
All of the following statements about the story of Snow White are correct except:
a. many of the places and objects of the story are sacred
b. the story conveys a moral lesson about the evils of envy and jealousy
c. there are many supernatural elements in the story
d. the story contains an example of ritual cannibalism
Which of the following is true about the concept of the soul in small-scale religions?
a. the soul may be destroyed on its way to the other world
b. the fate of the soul may be the result of the social statuses of the individual during
life
c. the souls of people who die a special death, such as in war, may share a fate different
from those who die a different death
d. all of the above
Pain brought about by piercing the body, a practice found in many Native American
groups, characterized the:
a. Yanomam
b. Blessing Way
c. Sun Dance
d. San healing ritual
A god who gave humans important things by accident or through deception is known as
a(n):
a. trickster
b. hero
c. deceit god
d. creator god
An example of a symbol is:
a. black as the color of mourning
b. the swastika woven into Navaho rugs
c. the American flag
d. all of the above
The term transmigration refers to:
a. the attainment of new souls through visions
b. the movement of souls from one person into another
c. the soul being reborn into the body of an animal
d. the soul moving from one afterlife to another
A study of a people's religious beliefs and rituals would be a part of the study of:
a. cultural anthropology
b. linguistics
c. archaeology
d. physical anthropology
Protective rituals are often found in situations:
a. involving soul loss
b. that involve the quest for food
c. that are dangerous and unpredictable
d. that involve a person's change in status
The society with one of the greatest number of gods is the Ifugao of the Philippines
with over:
a. 100 gods
b. 500 gods
c. 1200 gods
d. 2000 gods
The development of full-time religious specialists is associated with:
a. foraging societies
b. small-scale horticultural societies
c. large, technologically advanced societies
d. all of the above
Jung believed that humans share inborn elements of the unconscious that are manifested
in myths. He called this the:
a. collective unconscious
b. innate symbolism
c. unconscious unified
d. symbolic ancestry
Objects and actions whose meanings are arbitrary and conventional are known as:
a. values
b. symbols
c. constraints
d. worldviews
The embodiment of a god in human form is known as a(n):
a. incarnation
b. manifestation
c. avatar
d. materialization
Wiccan beliefs include:
a. nature is a manifestation of deity
b. folk and ritual magic is used for good and never for evil
c. rituals associated with the goddess are performed at full moons
d. all of the above
Among the Yakut (Shkha) of Siberia:
a. although most people are Russian Orthodox, many continue to practice shamanism
b. many Christian elements are found in modern shamanism
c. new groups are forming around charismatic shamans
d. all of the above
Noninspirational fortuitous forms of divination include:
a. astrology
b. prophecy
c. omens
d. mediums (psychics)
Which of the following statements about religious use of pain is false:
a. Religious pain is often shared pain.
b. The pain may cause the person to enter an altered state of consciousness.
c. Pain may induce an euphoric state.
d. Religious pain often isolates the individual from the social group.
The Hmong of Laos believe that:
a. illness occurs when one of many souls is frightened out of the body or stolen by
demons
b. the immortal souls recycles from grandparent to grandchild
c. one aspect of the soul lives near the liver and can be stolen by a shaman causing
illness
d. only souls of people free of sin will go to Heaven
Among the Dani spirits can be classified on the basis of all of the following except
whether they are:
a. close or remote
b. male or female
c. beneficent or malevolent
d. spirit or non-spirit life form
The egungun are spirits that travel from the land of the lead to visit the living among
the:
a. Hmong
b. Yoruba
c. Tana Toraja
d. Jivaro
A specialist who uses techniques to obtain information about things that are not
normally knowable is a:
a. herbalist
b. diviner
c. healer
d. priest
Modern Wiccan beliefs are based upon the works of:
a. E. E. Evans-Pritchard
b. Margaret Murray and Gerald Gardner
c. Edward Tylor and James Frazer
d. Bronislaw Malinowski and Claude Lvi-Straus
The feeling of being at one with the universe or supernatural beings is called a(n):
a. nirvana
b. sympathetic state
c. unitary state
d. entoptic phenomena
The lwa of Vodou closely resemble the orisha of the Yoruba.
Archetypes are:
a. myths about the end of the world
b. myths about a journey to the underworld
c. a main character of the collective unconscious
d. a main character in a hero story
All Hallows Eve or Halloween takes place on the evening before:
a. Memorial Day
b. dama
c. All Saint's Day
d. Hollows Day
Supernatural beings with humanlike qualities are said to be:
a. anthropocentric
b. hominoid
c. heliocentric
d. anthropomorphic
Many religious groups develop by branching off of established mainstream religions.
The groups that remain mainstream and differ the least from the origin religion are
called:
a. cults
b. sects
c. denominations
d. movements
An example of a nativistic movement is:
a. the Branch Davidians
b. Santeria
c. the Vailala Madness
d. Wicca
The ability to enter an altered state of consciousness is central to the role of shaman.
In most societies, the fate of the soul after death depends upon the behavior of the
individual when living.
The ancient Maya used several calendar cycles simultaneously. There were two main
cycles, one of 365 days and one of 185 days.
Pentecostal preachers resemble shamans in that they will enter altered states of
consciousness to contact the supernatural, in this case God, as a part of a healing ritual.
Among the Murngin of Australia, the ancestors and totemic spirits lived in a sacred
water hole.
Calendars are important in many religious for the scheduling of periodic rituals.
In order to distance oneself from jinn one is careful to observe the many tabus
surrounding blood and childbirth.
Culture is based upon the use of symbols or shared understanding about the meaning of
things.
The soul is the noncorporeal, spiritual component of an individual.
Distinctions of rank and care for personal appearance are two of many characteristics of
liminality.
Anthropologists frequently apply the term primitive to small-scale societies.
Symbols are arbitrary, that is, new symbols can be created when necessary.
The Fore of New Guinea practice mortuary cannibalism, that is, they eat the body of
their deceased relatives.
Marijuana is considered as a sacrament in the Native American Church.
Periodic rituals associated with an agricultural cycle are usually performed by shamans.
In many societies there are religious obligations that often take the form of ritual, such
as saying grace before each meal.
The Islamic calendar is a solar calendar.
Both very loud rhythmic noise and the absence of sound are capable of creating an
altered state of consciousness.
