Noam Chomsky used the term adaptive strategy to describe a society’s system of
economic production.
Cultural generalities may arise through independent invention, when people in different
societies devise similar solutions to comparable problems or challenges.
Belief in mana, or mana-like forces, is a primitive form of religion found only among
tribal societies.
Big men are found in tribes, chiefdoms, and archaic states.
All anthropologists agree that a true matriarchy has never existed.
Industrialization and mass production have given rise to a culture of consumption.
UV radiation causes the destruction of folate.
Lack of interaction between coexisting ethnic groups helps to ensure stability in a plural
society.
After reaching an all-time low in the 1970s, the frequency of nuclear families in North
America has been steadily increasing.
The Human Terrain System is a GIS-based program to map the location of all living
communities on Earth.
Religion can be a powerful means of controlling society.
Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures.
Anthropology is unique in that it is both holistic and cross-cultural.
With generalized reciprocity, the individuals participating in an exchange usually do not
know each other.
Anthropologists need to get permission from the community they are studying only
when they intend to take photographs or make recordings.
People in the Betsileo village of Ivato (Madagascar) felt that they already had all they
needed because they produced, rather than bought, almost everything they used.
People in a given culture differ very little in terms of their ideas, values, goals, and
beliefs.
Settler postcolonies are characterized by large native populations displaced by the
former European colonists, and they are forced to migrate to their country of origin.
The British notion of “the white man’s burden” was similar to the French concept of
mission civilisatrice in that both were ethnocentric ideologies used to justify
colonialism.
By definition, a symbol has an intrinsic and natural link to the thing it signifies.
Interracial, biracial, and multiracial identities are becoming increasingly common in the
United States.
A close relationship between languages does not necessarily mean that their speakers
are biologically or culturally related.
Creole languages are commonly found in regions where different linguistic groups
came into contact with one another.
Many foragers live in mobile bands that may split up during part of the year.
Ethnography involves the collection of data that become the basis for an account of a
particular community, society, or culture.
Chiefs occupied formal offices and administered or regulated a series of villages.
The Yanomami are one of the few tribes completely isolated from the national
government.
Most English speakers recognize the phonetic contrast between the [ph] in pin and the
[p] in spin.
The market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity are examples of adaptive strategies.
Cultural learning often occurs among nonhuman animals that live in groups.
Biomedicine, which aims to link illness to scientifically demonstrated agents that bear
no personal malice toward their victims, is an example of a naturalistic medical system.
Domestic violence against women is prevalent in patrilineal-patrilocal societies because
women are isolated from their supportive kin.
Define mana, and discuss the difference in the beliefs that surround mana in Melanesia
and Polynesia.
Answer:Answers will vary.
In a(n) __________ society, women’s status should be highest.
A. pastoral
B. agricultural
C. horticultural society experiencing considerable population pressure
D. tropical foraging
E. industrial state with high unemployment
The __________ society has village heads.
A.Qashqai
B.San
C.Kapauku
D.Yanomami
E.Basseri
Exogamy is adaptive because it
A. increases the number of individuals that one can rely on in times of need.
B. increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic expression
and eliminate them from the population.
C. impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population
expansion.
D. was an important causal factor in the origin of the state.
E. reduces the gene pool of a community.
Peripheral nations
A. export to the core but not the semiperiphery.
B. lack industrialization.
C. are isolated from the world economy.
D. have economies that are shaped to serve the interests of the core.
E. have little incentive to interact with nations of the core.
In survey research, a sample should
A. include the entire population in question.
B. include anyone who will agree to talk with the researcher.
C. not be randomly selected.
D. be constituted so that valid inferences about the larger population can be made.
E. be invariant.
__________ is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of local life.
A. Representative sample
B. Etic informant
C. Key cultural consultant
D. Biased informant
E. Life historian
The use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end
is
A. applied anthropology.
B. economic anthropology.
C. conceptual anthropology.
D. sociobiology.
E. participant observation.
The original marketing strategy of McDonald’s in Brazil
A. promoted a beer with lunch.
B. completely changed the menu to include Brazilian favorites.
C. tried to Americanize Brazilian eating habits.
D. took into consideration the Brazilian habit of eating hot foods, like hamburgers, on
the beach.
E. focused on the Sunday evening dinner market.
In a stratified society, people who do not speak the prestige dialect still tend to accept
the prestige as standard or superior, which is
A. diglossia.
B. creolization.
C. symbolic domination.
D. hypercorrection.
E. style shifting.
In matrilineal societies
A. daughters become lifetime members of their mother’s group, but sons belong to their
father’s group.
B. sons become lifetime members of their mother’s group, but daughters belong to their
father’s group.
C. descent groups include only the children of the group’s women.
D. descent groups include only the children of the group’s men.
E. post marriage residence tends to be patrilocal.
____________ defines processes that are causing nations and people to be increasingly
interlinked and mutually dependent.
A. Acculturation
B. Diffusion
C. Globalization
D. Enculturation
E. Independent invention
The best known chiefdoms arose in Papua New Guinea and Melanesia.
Many scientists prefer __________ instead of global warming to describe changes in
the environment.
A. deforestation
B. climate change
C. diaspora
D. arctic melting
E. global temperature change
In survey research, __________ refers to the attributes that differ among members of a
population.
A. unknowns
B. questionnaires
C. interviews
D. variables
E. random samples
In __________, an entrepreneur supplies raw materials to workers in their homes and
collects the finished products from them.
A. Capitalism
B. Industrialism
C. Tribute exchange
D. Reciprocity
E. Domestic system
The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by
a foreign power for an extended time is
A. neoliberalism.
B. an intervention philosophy.
C. a green revolution.
D. colonialism.
E. socialism.
For much of human history, people lived in societies characterized by a __________
sociopolitical organization.
A.band
B.tribe
C.chiefdom
D.state
E.complex chiefdom
The style of ethnography in which the anthropologist puts his or her personal feelings
and reactions to the field situation into the text is
A. ethnographic present.
B. interpretive ethnography.
C. reflexive ethnography.
D. classic ethnography.
E. holistic anthropology.
After being spoken for generations, pidgins may develop into
A. focal vocabularies.
B. syntaxes.
C. protolanguages.
D. creole languages.
E. diglossias.
Minimal pairs are used to identify
A. phonemes.
B. phones.
C. aspiration.
D. allomorphs.
E. bound morphemes.
__________ is not typical of state societies.
A.A primarily foraging-based subsistence strategy
B.Class stratification
C.Boundary maintenance systems
D.Intensive agriculture
E.Fiscal systems
__________ is most likely to convince an indigenous people to help prevent
deforestation.
A. Saving global biodiversity
B. Slowing global warming
C. It is good for the globe
D. Preventing erosion in farmland
E. Helping the government secure a place in the European Union
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. “ethnicity is based on actual, perceived, and assumed cultural similarities among
members of the same ethnic group”
B. “people may change the amount of importance they place on ethnicity due to
political or individual life changes”
C. “ethnic distinctions can be based on language and geography”
D. “unlike race, ethnicity derives from biological differences among human groups”
E. “ethnic distinctions can be based on religion, kinship, history, and “race'”
The primary difference between a village head and a “big man” is that
A.a big man can enforce his decisions.
B.a big man has supporters in multiple villages.
C.a village head is a band leader, while a big man is a tribal leader.
D.a big man’s high status is ascribed, while a village head’s high status is achieved.
E.village head is a permanent political office, while big man is a temporary position.
The basic social units typically found in foraging societies are
A. band and clan.
B. lineage and nuclear family.
C. extended family and clan.
D. nuclear family and band.
E. band and extended family.
A disease is defined as a(n)
A. health problem as it is experienced by the affected individual.
B. artificial product of biomedicine.
C. consequence of foraging.
D. unnatural state of health.
E. scientifically identified health threat.
Regular shifting between “high” and “low” variants of a language is
A. displacement.
B. diglossia.
C. semantics.
D. kinesics.
E. lexicon.
The American Anthropological Association’s Code of Ethics is
A. designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field
of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to
society.
B. designed to protect anthropologists who conduct fieldwork in remote places and are
subject to potentially hazardous working conditions.
C. applicable only to research being conducted in the United States.
D. simply disregarded by most researchers.
E. overly general and thus of little use to most anthropologists.
In survey research, sampling is
A. the collection of a representative subset of a larger population.
B. the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants.
C. participant observation.
D. the collection of life histories of every member in a community.
E. the recording of the emic perspective.
Gender differences among tropical and semitropical foragers shows that
A. the status of women is much lower than it is among northern foragers like the Inuit.
B. women’s work usually contributes more to the diet than does men’s work;
consequently, there is less gender stratification.
C. the distinction between public and domestic spheres of activity is much sharper than
it is in most horticultural societies.
D. there is no sex-based division of labor.
E. women never take part in hunting.
An obligatory interaction between groups or organisms that is beneficial to each is
A. cultivation.
B. swiddening.
C. fallowing.
D. symbiosis.
E. transhumance.
The custom of a dowry that goes to the husband’s family correlates with
A. low male status.
B. high male status.
C. low female status.
D. high female status.
E. descent inheritance system.
Discuss whether or not certain sexual preferences are more natural than others. Use
cross-cultural evidence to substantiate the argument.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Define ethnography and ethnology. Discuss the importance of each, as well as their
relationship in the field of anthropology.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Explain the core, semiperiphery, and periphery in the world system perspective.
Describe their relationship to world capitalism.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Describe the different styles of ethnography that have occurred through time.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Describe some of the effects of increased urbanization. Detail where these effects are
most pronounced, and suggest the contributions applied anthropologists can make to
urban planning.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Determine if the contrast between horticulture and agriculture is one of degree or of
kind. Cite ethnographic evidence to support your answer.
Answer:Answers will vary.
List six things that Leach argued marriage can accomplish. Discuss how these could be
accomplished in a same sex marriage.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Describe how economic specialization in industrial nations differs from specialization
in nonindustrial societies.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Identify some of the arguments for and against the interpretation of mass media as a
form of cultural imperialism.
Answer:Answers will vary.
List the effects colonialism and colonial nation-building have on “imagined
communities” (e.g., ethnic groups, nationalities). Illustrate the answer with specific
examples.
Answer:Answers will vary.
List the causes and effects of deforestation. Identify how deforestation ties into climate
change, and discuss the traditional approach to combating deforestation. Identify
strategies that are more likely to be effective.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Discuss the major advantages and disadvantages of scientific medicine and other health
care systems. Remember to distinguish between scientific medicine and Western
medicine.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Discuss how globalization can affect anthropological research.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Compare and contrast the various mechanisms of cultural change.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Discuss the major similarities and differences between nuclear families, extended
families, and descent groups (e.g., lineages and clans).
Answer:Answers will vary.
Identify the themes and interests that unify the subdisciplines of American
anthropology. Your answer should refer to historical reasons for the unity of
anthropology in the United States.
Answer:Answers will vary.
List ways that industrialism affected North American family organization.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Describe the ethical obligations of anthropologists working in foreign countries.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Describe to what extent modern foragers serve as the basis for reconstructions of social,
political, and economic organization among ancient hunter-gatherer bands. Justify your
answer.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Explain the difference between intersex individuals and self-identified transgender
individuals. Give at least two examples of each.
Answer:Answers will vary.