The ability to choose between and among alternative courses of action is known as:
a. choice.
b. control.
c. discretion.
d. power.
Which officers often police a state’s natural resources and often oversee its firearm
laws?
a. fish, game, and watercraft officers
b. department of state security
c. highway patrol
d. sheriffs
Mr. Johnson was hired by the head of the department of corrections to run the new
prison that was being constructed. It is designed to hold up to 3000 inmates. Mr.
Johnson was given the authority to develop a prison system that he feels will be most
effective in dealing with the inmate population. His annual budget will be $90 million.
Because this prison is being built to be the “prison of the future,” which type of design
will the prison follow?
a. courtyard
b. podular
c. radial
d. telephone-pole
During the , the defendant appears before a judge or magistrate, who decides whether
the evidence presented is sufficient for the case to proceed to trial.
a. arraignment
b. booking
c. initial appearance
d. preliminary hearing
A(n) hearing is the process through which a juvenile court determines whether there is
sufficient evidence to support the initial petition.
a. adjudicatory
b. discretionary
c. disposition
d. diversionary
One problem for police is that standard 911 systems cannot pinpoint a location of a
mobile phone or computer.
a. True
b. False
Third degree felonies are punishable by a maximum penalty of life imprisonment.
a. True
b. False
Which level of prisons is relatively rare and extremely controversial due to its overly
harsh methods of punishing and controlling the most dangerous prisoners?
a. maximum-security prisons
b. medium-security prisons
c. minimum-security prisons
d. supermax prisons
Vollmer initiated the reform era in American policing.
a. True
b. False
Most arrests are made for:
a. crimes of disorder.
b. crimes of violence.
c. sex crimes.
d. organized crimes.
What type of trial is conducted without a jury, in which a judge makes the
determination of the defendant’s guilt or innocence?
a. bench trial
b. jury trial
c. primary trial
d. regular trial
A seizure is the act of taking possession of a person or property.
a. True
b. False
The are made by each side’s attorney after the cases for the plaintiff and defendant have
been presented.
a. charges
b. closing arguments
c. opening statements
d. rebuttals
Case 6-2
Officer Martinez pulls over Heather for speeding. As he is getting out of his vehicle, he
hears over the radio that a stabbing just occurred a few blocks away. The suspect in the
stabbing was described as a young female with red hair. As Officer Martinez
approaches the car, he notices the female that is driving the car has red hair. He also
notices that there is a bloody knife in the back seat of the vehicle. Officer Martinez
immediately calls for backup and orders Heather out of the vehicle.
Heather was brought into the police department for questioning. Detectives start
questioning Heather about the stabbing. Heather chooses not to incriminate herself and
refuses to provide information about the crime. Which constitutional amendment allows
Heather to remain silent?
a. Fourth Amendment
b. Fifth Amendment
c. Sixth Amendment
d. Eighth Amendment
The , passed six weeks after the 9/11 attacks, strengthened the ability of federal law
enforcement to investigate and incarcerate suspects.
a. Patriot Act
b. Homeland Security Act
c. Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
d. Counterterrorism Act
Reintegration has a strong theoretical basis in the philosophy of punishment.
a. retributive
b. incapacitative
c. deterrence
d. rehabilitative
are primarily administrators who deal directly with the warden on custodial issues.
a. Captains
b. Lieutenants
c. Officers
d. Sergeants
The Sixth Amendment states that no person ‘shall be compelled in any criminal case to
be a witness against himself.”
a. True
b. False
:The primary purpose of the AEDPA is to fight terrorism by:
a. easing the Fourth Amendment requirements of search and seizure to allow federal
law enforcement agents quicker access to terror suspects.
b. creating harsher penalties for those convicted of terrorist acts.
c. cutting off the financial support funneled to terrorist organizations.
d. establishing the Department of Homeland Security.
Discretion is associated with the informal criminal justice process.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following courts is primarily a “reviewer” of decisions?
a. appellate courts
b. jurisdictional courts
c. original jurisdiction courts
d. trial courts
Case 4-1
Sara is 18 and she just graduated from high school. She is thinking about her future and
is deciding to either apply to her local college to study sociology or to apply to the local
police department to start working as a police officer.
Sara calls the police department and inquires about working for the police department.
Sara explains to the recruiter that she learned about the community era of policing in a
criminal justice class in high school. The recruiter explains that his police department
has an entire unit devoted to community relations. What would be the main strategic
goal of this community policing unit?
a. control crime
b. improve the quality of life of citizens
c. satisfy the needs of citizens
d. satisfy the needs of political bosses
In a civil court, the court is concerned with private and public rights.
a. True
b. False
If a defendant provides less than truthful information there is no attorney-client
privilege.
a. True
b. False
Case 6-2
Officer Martinez pulls over Heather for speeding. As he is getting out of his vehicle, he
hears over the radio that a stabbing just occurred a few blocks away. The suspect in the
stabbing was described as a young female with red hair. As Officer Martinez
approaches the car, he notices the female that is driving the car has red hair. He also
notices that there is a bloody knife in the back seat of the vehicle. Officer Martinez
immediately calls for backup and orders Heather out of the vehicle.
Officer Martinez places Heather in handcuffs and has her sit in the back seat of his
police car. While Heather is being watched by the backup officer, Officer Martinez goes
into the back seat of Heather’s car and seizes the bloody knife and places it into an
evidence bag. Which exception allows Officer Martinez to legally seize the bloody
knife?
a. abandoned property
b. border searches
c. plain view
d. stop and frisk
Federal law takes priority over local and state criminal law.
a. True
b. False
The reasoning behind the warrantless search of automobiles is that:
a. because they traverse public roadways, there is no expectation to privacy in one’s
vehicle.
b. vehicles contain an area too small to require a search warrant.
c. vehicles are moveable and could drive away before the officer could obtain a warrant.
d. vehicles can have more than one driver, therefore they are not considered under the
Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches.
As most cases are decided through plea bargains rather than through trial proceedings,
the judge often offers his or
her services as a negotiator to help the prosecution and the defense “make a deal.”
a. True
b. False
When police are conducting a search or seizure, they must be:
a. analytical.
b. fair.
c. quiet.
d. reasonable.
Case 3-2
Mr. Thomas is a criminal defense attorney. Peter contacts Mr. Thomas and tells him that
he thinks he may have committed a crime but he is not sure. Mr. Thomas asks Peter a
few questions but Peter refuses to answer any questions over the phone. Mr. Thomas
tells Peter to come to his office for a consultation and he will provide legal advice if
Peter decides to retain Mr. Thomas as his attorney.
Peter goes to see Mr. Thomas in his office. He explains to Mr. Thomas that he had been
seeing a girl who said that she was 19. She is really 14. Peter is 22. Peter explains that
they had sexual relations on a few occasions. Mr. Thomas explains to Peter that he can
still be found guilty, even though he did not have intent to commit a crime. What type
of crime is this?
a. hate crime
b. negligence
c. strict liability
d. inchoate
A judicial order that commands a corrections official to bring a prisoner before the court
is a writ of
________________.
is Latin for “I will not contest it.”
In elections a judicial candidate declares allegiance to a political party.
Many states have created , which retain jurisdiction over very narrowly defined areas of
criminal justice.
What are the rituals that are part of a police officer’s acceptance, and even embrace, of
the police subculture?
The is responsible for maintaining security and order in the judge’s chambers and the
courtroom.
In patrols, officers spend a substantial amount of their shifts hoping to notice any
crimes that may be occurring.
Explain how the Internet has contributed to piracy of intellectual property.
Describe the four goals of the criminal justice system.
To protect society from potential future crimes of the most dangerous or “risky”
Why would a witness in a trial be granted immunity?
Describe felonies and misdemeanors and discuss the differences between the two.
Compare and contrast the three levels of law enforcement.
The group of citizens who are called to decide whether probable cause exists to believe
that a suspect committed the crime with which she or he has been charged is called
a(n) .
A process of prison and jail administration in which correctional officers are in
continuous physical contact with inmates during the day is
__________________________________.
The is when volunteers patrolled their community from dusk to dawn to keep the peace.
Explain how a case is brought before the Supreme Court.
The number of cases handled by a probation officer in a given period is her or her .
An officer suffering from will reexperience the traumatic event through nightmares and
flashbacks.
In women’s prisons the inmates form , where they play specific roles, with the more
experienced convicts acting as “mothers” to younger inmates.
is the ability of individuals in the criminal justice system to make operational decisions
based on personal judgment instead of formal rules or official information.