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"Straight is to Gay as Family is to No Family," Kath Weston
This essay presents a distinct dichotomy that depicts the establishment and maintenance
of family and extended kin in the gay and straight world. Weston delineates a path of
rejection, isolation and loneliness from straight families as gay persons attempt to
establish individual identities. In addressing misperceptions surrounding gay life, this
essay also introduces alternative approaches to the establishment and cultivation of
family life.
According to Weston, two assumptions surround the divide between gay life and
family:
a. the absence of children or lasting relationships and alienation of adoptive and blood
kin.
b. too many children and poor relationships.
c. numerous children and only one biological parent.
d. family acceptance and lasting relationships.
"Rethinking Families and Community: The Color, Class, and Centrality of
Extended Kin Ties," Naomi Gerstel
Naomi Gerstel argues that limiting the definition of "family" to those composed of
husbands and wives or parents and young children misses much of the experience of
families as they actually exist. Calling for recognition of the importance of extended
kin, Gerstel illustrates that the development and maintenance of family support
networks is an important class-based survival strategy. In addition, Gerstel analyzes
how marriage and the nuclear family cut both men and women off from extended and
fictive kin, an idea that challenges much of classical theory on the subject.
Reduced ties to others may put a strain on:
a. female-headed households
b. divorced people
c. unmarried adults
d. marriages
"Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," Gregory Mantsios
Gregory Mantsios examines the way media misrepresents social class by creating an
illusion of an egalitarian society and thereby hiding social and economic inequalities.
Mantsios argues that the media creates a false sense of universal membership in the
middle class. He claims that the working and middle classes come to fear and hold the
poor responsible for their hardships while remaining blind to the damage the upper
class inflicts on society.
According to Gregory Mantsios in "Media Magic: Making Class Invisible," the
media creates:
a. the illusion of an egalitarian society.
b. an accurate image of the poor, the middle class, and the wealthy.
c. unity among the poor, the middle class, and the wealthy.
d. a double standard.
"The Contested Meaning of "Asian American": Racial Dilemmas in the
Contemporary U.S.," Nazli Kimbria
Kibria explores the social construction and contested meanings of "Asian American" in
the U.S.
She views the social construction of race as a dynamic process involving the imposition
of categories from without as well as the shaping of meaning within the categorized
group. Kibria discusses the tension between "pan-Asianism" and a multiracial approach.
Asian Americans are ____ their national origins:
a. similar in
b. highly diverse in
c. biracial within
d. likely to deny
"Sub-Prime as a Black Catastrophe," Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro
The catastrophe described by Oliver and Shapiro is rooted in the fact that home equity
is the most important source of wealth for families in the United States. The authors
argue this is particularly so for African American families. It was the targeting of
African American families by sub-prime lenders that robbed so many of this important
and hard-earned source of security.
Due to the very high interest rates charged for these loans, the devastating effects of
these sub-prime loans has not only taken away gains made in the recent past, but will
compromise the ability of African American families into the future, effecting the
ability to open small businesses, pay for college educations, and support retirements.
Predatory loans have left African American communities facing, "the greatest loss of
financial wealth" ever. "Institutional and racialized policy," they argue, "are trumping
hard-earned educational, job and income advances."
Between 2003 and 2007 families pulled __________________ dollars out of their home
equity, borrowing against their home equity.
a. 1.19 trillion
b. 21.3 billion
c. 78.3 million
d. 41.7 billion
"Crimes Against Humanity," Ward Churchill
Churchill makes a case for seeing the use of American Indian names and degrading and
dehumanizing symbols by sports teams as a violation of the Geneva Convention and a
crime against humanity. The use of these names and images creates barriers to authentic
communication about the realities of history and contemporary life for American
Indians. Churchill challenges several myths, including that the use of these symbols is
just good clean fun; that this usage "honors' American Indians; and that if some find the
practice offensive it doesn"t matter because there are too few left to defend themselves.
According to Churchill a substantial number of American Indians have protested the
use of Native names, images, and symbols as sports team mascots and the like is, by
definition a:
a. virulently racist practice.
b. common athletic practice.
c. common cultural practice.
d. common team practice.
"Gladiators, Gazelles, and Groupies: Basketball Love and Loathing" Julianne
Malveaux
Julianne Malveaux explores the topic of basketball within the context of gender and
race. The author speaks of a culture saturated with basketball. It is nearly impossible to
tune out, turn off or ignore. It is a cultural delimiter, a national export, a medium
through which messages about race, gender and power are transmitted not only
nationally but also internationally.
According to Julianne Malveaux, public acceptance of women's sports has changed.
Thanks
to _______________ , women's sports get better funding and more attention at the
College level than they did only decades ago.
a. Title IX
b. Title XII
c. Title XX
d. Title V
"The Invention of Heterosexuality," Jonathan Ned Katz
The author documents the history and invention of the term heterosexuality as a means
of categorizing sexual relationships. The author emphasizes how sexuality has been
closely linked to structural power and the means of production within a society
throughout history. He argues that an ahistorical approach to studying sexuality
continues to privilege "normal" and "natural" sexual expression.
According to Katz, during 1820 to 1860, middle-class White Americans idealized
"True Womanhood, True Manhood, and True Love." All were characterized by:
a. sensuality
b. purity
c. production
d. procreation
"How a Scholarship Girl Becomes a Soldier: The Militarization of Latina/o Youth
in Chicago Public Schools," Gina Perez
Gina Perez explores the complicated relationship between young Latina/o students in
Chicago and the U.S. military. Perez argues that in addition to limited economic
opportunities, gendered understandings of autonomy, family obligations, honor and
respectability influence, how young people respond to the increasingly militarized
educational context.
_______________ are the most economically disadvantaged group in all of Chicago:
a. Mexicans
b. Blacks
c. Puerto Ricans
d. Cubans
"Whosoever" Is Welcome Here: An Interview with Reverend Edwin C. Sanders
II" Gary David Comstock
Gary David Comstock discusses how an urban-based minister is making a difference in
the lives of lesbian/bisexual/gay/transgendered people by welcoming them to the
church he pastors and encouraging them to participate in the life of the church. As a
result, his efforts have paid off in creating a compassionate and caring community of
worshipers that evolve from diverse cultural, racial and sexual backgrounds. Because of
this approach, the Reverend Edwin C. Sanders II and his congregation are involved in
various community causes such as an HIV/AIDS ministry and a prison ministry that
benefit the membership as well the community.
The uniqueness of Metropolitan church, in comparison to other churches, is expressed
in Reverend Sanders' statement, "I think the Church has been a place where folks have
not been able to find community, when they have been:
a. accepted"
b. manipulated"
c. rejected"
d. ignored"
"Race, Class, Gender, and Women's Works," Teresa Amott and Julie Matthaei
Teresa Amott and Julie Matthaei explore the economic experiences of women through
the interconnected effects of gender, race-ethnicity, and class. Taking a historical
perspective, the authors illustrate the relativeness of these social constructs and
demonstrate how each is affected by the others. For example, Amott and Matthaei point
out that while the construction of gender created spheres of "men's" and "women's"
work, what this work entailed had to do with class position and racial-ethnic identity.
Race and class greatly affected the definition of womanhood in the 1950s. White
middle class women were not expected to be part of the paid labor force, while it was
common for poor Black women to work as domestic servants. Both women were
expected to remain "in the home," but for poor Black women that meant theirs as well
as those of their White employers. The authors apply the concepts of race-ethnicity and
class to the examination of gender, but point out the limitations of applying each
independently.
Even though childrearing is women's work in most societies:
a. many women work outside the home and all perform childcare duties.
b. many women do not have children, and others do not perform their own child care
or domestic work.
c. many women do not have children, but are willing to adopt someone else's children.
d. many women love their children, but do not want to raise them.
"Families on Frontier: From Braceros in the Fields to Braceras in the Home,"
Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo
Decades ago the demand for immigrant labor in the western United States was a
demand for male labor. This has changed as a result of transformations in political
economy. Now there is a high demand for female immigrant workers. Mexican and
Central American women immigrants become members of transnational families, as
they leave their children at home and work in the United States in order to support their
families financially. Domestic work in the United States, and in many other countries, is
structured in a way that requires workers to be separated from their families. Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo explores the "broad repercussions for the social relations among
Latina Immigrants and their families" that result from the privatization of social
reproduction.
Greater _______________ among the elderly has prompted new demands for care
work.
a. longevity
b. incomes
c. illness
d. isolation
"Rape, Racism and the Law" Jennifer Wriggins
Wriggins argues that the legal system's treatment of rape has furthered racism and has
denied the reality of women's sexual subordination. She illustrates how the history of
rape in the US has focused on the rape of White women by Black men, ignoring both
White men as rapists and Black women as victims of rape.
During the slavery period, the rape of Black women by White or Black men was:
a. legal
b. illegal
c. subject to the death penalty
d. infrequent and illegal
"The Bachelor: Whiteness in the Harem," Rachel E. Dubrofsky
Dubrofsky argues that while the "reality" based television series The Bachelor appears
to include women of color as eligible contestants, the reality is that the purpose of the
show is for White people to find romantic partners. This process, she says, is facilitated
by the participation of women of color who are never positioned as appropriate choices
for the White bachelor. The show uses a "Westernized trope of the Eastern harem"
reproducing the "imperialist, Orientalist and oppressive racist premises' of that image.
What kind of decor persists in episodes of The Bachelor?
a. a Westernized version of the Eastern harem
b. a Western European castle
c. a brothel
d. an extended 19th century American farm family
"How the New Working Class Can Transform Urban America" Robin Kelley
Kelley explains how the pervasive imagery that exists about the urban "underclass"
undermines our understanding of a contemporary urban working class. The urban
working class, many of whom are Latino and women, can be found in many different
industries today including hospitals, universities, nursing homes, food services and
retail establishments. He also discusses why organizing the new immigrant labor force
is a challenge for the labor movement. He highlights Justice for Janitors, one of the
most significant labor-based social justice movements, of which Black and Latino
women make up the majority of its membership. He highlights a second broad-based
radical movement " the Labor/Community Strategy Center based in Los Angeles, CA.
The Center's most important campaign has been the Bus Riders Union, since public
transportation is one of the few issues that impacts the lives of many urban working
people. This campaign argued that the public transportation system's policies violate
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
According to Kelley, most of the workers that make up the working class today are:
a. brown and female
b. blue-collar White men
c. men of color
d. White and female
"Crimes Against Humanity," Ward Churchill
Churchill makes a case for seeing the use of American Indian names and degrading and
dehumanizing symbols by sports teams as a violation of the Geneva Convention and a
crime against humanity. The use of these names and images creates barriers to authentic
communication about the realities of history and contemporary life for American
Indians. Churchill challenges several myths, including that the use of these symbols is
just good clean fun; that this usage "honors' American Indians; and that if some find the
practice offensive it doesn"t matter because there are too few left to defend themselves.
According to Churchill, it has been contended that Indian outrage at being
systematically degraded, rather than the degradation itself, creates:
a. "a monetary loss for team owners."
b. "a serious barrier to intergroup communication"
c. "a unnecessary social distance."
d. "an unfortunate situation that should be ignored."
"From a Native Daughter," Haunani-Kay Trask
Trask describes her experiences of growing up and learning about Hawaiian history
from two sources. Her family described the ""life of the old ones'" " how they planted,
fished, danced and chanted. The second source, textbooks, described a very different
Hawaii " ""Pagan Hawaiians'" could not read or write and were ""lustful cannibals.""
Trask is troubled by how native language has been suppressed by school knowledge.
She concludes that historians had never learned the language of the Hawaiian people.
Therefore, the story of Hawaii, its culture and connection to the land remains unwritten.
By claiming that Hawaiians lived under feudalism, Whites
a. alienated the Hawaiian people from the land
b. instituted land tenure changes in line with current notions of private property
c. degraded a successful system of shared land use
d. all of these answers are correct
"Women's Rights as Human Rights: Toward a Re-Vision of Human Rights,"
Charlotte Bunch
Charlotte Bunch notes that "no government determines its policies toward other
countries on the basis of their treatment of women." In addition, she argues, human
rights organizations rarely treat women as a priority. Government and non-government
agencies alike tend to see women's concerns as trivial, private, or simply outside the
purview of human rights issues. Noting that "sexism kills," Bunch identifies the many
concerns of women that must be made a priority if human rights are to be obtained.
According to Bunch, no government determines its policies toward other countries on
the basis of their treatment of:
a. children
b. women
c. animals
d. men
"Straight is to Gay as Family is to No Family," Kath Weston
This essay presents a distinct dichotomy that depicts the establishment and maintenance
of family and extended kin in the gay and straight world. Weston delineates a path of
rejection, isolation and loneliness from straight families as gay persons attempt to
establish individual identities. In addressing misperceptions surrounding gay life, this
essay also introduces alternative approaches to the establishment and cultivation of
family life. According to Weston, a long sociological tradition in the United States of
studying the family under siege or in various states of dissolution lent credibility to
charges that this institution required protection from:
a. destructive forces.
b. societal ills.
c. the homosexual threat.
d. a lesbian threat.
"Whosoever" Is Welcome Here: An Interview with Reverend Edwin C. Sanders
II" Gary David Comstock
Gary David Comstock discusses how an urban-based minister is making a difference in
the lives of lesbian/bisexual/gay/transgendered people by welcoming them to the
church he pastors and encouraging them to participate in the life of the church. As a
result, his efforts have paid off in creating a compassionate and caring community of
worshipers that evolve from diverse cultural, racial and sexual backgrounds. Because of
this approach, the Reverend Edwin C. Sanders II and his congregation are involved in
various community causes such as an HIV/AIDS ministry and a prison ministry that
benefit the membership as well the community.
Reverend Sanders informs Gary David Comstock that his congregation does not
celebrate individual identities or difference, but the church supports these issues and
differences by:
a. integrating appreciation into the Sunday service.
b. celebrating appreciation on Saturday outside of church.
c. sponsoring special events.
d. being kind to individuals.
"The Prison and the Closet," Patricia Hill Collins
Patricia Hill Collins considers the intersecting relationship between racism and
heterosexism. She argues that the assumption that these two hegemonic ideologies
represent separate systems of oppression obscures the fact that racism and sexism rely
upon each other for meaning. Without sacrificing the acknowledgement of differences
in the way that racism and heterosexism manifest, the author shows that the two
systems converge and that both systems affect the everyday lives of all people.
The sexual exploitation of women has been a basic ingredient of _____________,
according to the authors:
a. sexism
b. prisons
c. closets
d. racism
"Race, Poverty and Disability: Three Strikes and You"re Out! Or Are You?"
Pamela Black, Fabricio Balcazar and Christopher Keys
Black, Balcazar and Keys chronicle the theoretical development to understanding race,
class and disability. They argue that early conceptualizations present images of race,
class and disability in terms of deficiency and dependence. For example, biological
models represented certain racial and ethnic groups as genetically inferior. The eugenics
movement that started in the early 1900s stemmed from the biological mode was used
to establish race and class distinctions as "natural." Similarly, cultural models
represented racial and ethnic groups as trapped in a cycle of poverty. This culture of
poverty was reproduced from generation to generation. The authors state that biological
and cultural models to explain race, class and disability do not adequately explain the
differences between disabled and non-disabled, minority and non-minority populations.
The minority group model supplied a contrary position to the biological and cultural
models by suggesting that social problems should be addressed structurally through the
elimination of unequal power relations and re-distribution of wealth and income.
However, identity formation is problematic within the minority group model because its
focus is typically on a single issue, for example, race or gender or sexual orientation.
According to the authors, this single issue strategy excludes those facing multiple
concerns or "triple jeopardy." The authors advocate for the use of an empowerment
framework so that "individuals from marginalized groups with multiple stigmas may
gain the social, political, and economic support needed to overcome barriers to their full
participation in society."
The model(s) represented people of color with disabilities as deficient, dependent,
social victims and/or socially threatening.
a. empowerment
b. minority group
c. biological and cultural
d. empowerment and minority group
"What White Supremacists Taught a Jewish Scholar about Identity," Abby L.
Ferber
Abby L. Ferber examines the interdependence of systems of oppression. Her research
on white supremacy reveals the connection white supremacists groups make between
anti-Semitism and racism in their efforts to maintain the dominant position of Whites in
society. Ferber asserts that the changing racial classification of Jews, as revealed in their
history, demonstrates the social construction of race. Ferber contrasts her own
experience as a Jewish woman, who racially identifies herself as White, with that of her
ancestors who experienced discrimination based on their designation as an inferior,
non-White race. The variability of racial classifications directly challenges the white
supremacists view of innate, and undeniable, White supremacy. Ferber contends that in
order to maintain their position of racial superiority, white supremacists target Jews in
an attempt to deny their evolved racial classification, thereby denying the relativeness
and ambiguity of race.
According to "What White Supremacists Taught a Jewish Scholar about
Identity," which of the following groups reflects the social construction of race?
a. Jews
b. Irish
c. Whites
d. all of these answers are correct
"A Different Mirror," Ronald T. Takaki
Through personal reflection and historical summaries, Ronald T. Takaki explores
multicultural America. As a Japanese American, Takaki argues that the historical and
cultural influence of the Japanese, as well as other racial and ethnic groups, on
American culture is largely unrecognized. The contributions of racial and ethnic groups
must be acknowledged to fully appreciate the true essence of American identity.
Takaki illustrates how despite historical similarities, racial and ethnic groups have been
pitted against one another, and their historical presence denied. Yet, he points out, their
influences and contributions to society are evident everywhere. He argues that
recognizing the value of their experiences allows for an enlightened understanding of
our common history and the tensions and struggles evident among racial and ethnic
groups today.
According to Takaki, the Chicano experience is unique in that:
a. Chicanos have settled predominantly in the North.
b. most all Chicanos are initially illegal immigrants.
c. their presence in the United States is the result of colonization and immigration.
d. Chinese Americans quickly became elites.
"Interpreting and Experiencing Anti-Queer Violence: Race, Class and gender
Differences Among LGBT Hate Crime Victims," Doug Meyer
Doug Meyer uses an intersectional approach and a qualitative methodology to explore
how victims of violence in the LBGT community experience victimization differently
according to race, class gender and sexuality. Meyer finds that multiple intersecting
oppressed statuses make the identification of hate crime more complicated for all but
middle and upper class White gay men. Those statutes may then serve primarily the
interests of those White men, not the interests of lesbian and bisexual women, and
particularly not LGBT people of color.
The degree to which queer people are willing to determine that violence is based on
their sexuality varies by:
a. the severity of the crime
b. degrees of homophobia in the community
c. intersections in the race, class, gender and sexuality of the victim
d. how likely the victim thinks the violence will reoccur
"The Contested Meaning of "Asian American": Racial Dilemmas in the
Contemporary U.S.," Nazli Kimbria
Kibria explores the social construction and contested meanings of "Asian American" in
the U.S.
She views the social construction of race as a dynamic process involving the imposition
of categories from without as well as the shaping of meaning within the categorized
group. Kibria discusses the tension between "pan-Asianism" and a multiracial approach.
Race is a system of:
a. natural categories
b. power
c. biological classification
d. genetic classification
"Our Mothers' Grief: Racial-Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families,"
Bonnie Thornton Dill
Bonnie Thornton Dill broadens the dominant perspective of American families through
this historical analysis of racial-ethnic women and their families. She demonstrates how
the establishment of the "modern American family" ideal and expectations of racial and
ethnic groups as sources of cheap labor created distinct familial experiences among
women of various racial-ethnic groups in early America
Dill tells us that African American, Chinese American, and Chicano women had which
of the following in common during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
a. They, like White middle class women, worked only in the private sphere of the home.
b. They all worked as migrant laborers.
c. They all had to work outside the home for wages, as well as inside the home raising
children and caring for husbands.
d. They all worked as maids and nannies in White people's homes.
"The Well-Coifed Man: Class, Race, and Heterosexual Masculinity in the Hair
Salon,"Kristen Barber
Kristen Barber responds to claims that the male body is now sexualized and objectified
by media just as women's bodies have been. In her case study of a small hair salon in
California, Barber finds that men who purchase "beauty work and beauty products"
consciously distinguish
themselves from white working class men and distance themselves from "the
feminizing character " of beauty work. She argues that these men "appropriate
embodied symbols of cultural capital that distinguish them as raced, classed, sexualized
and gendered" and that they
"heterosexualize" their contacts with women stylists, further distancing themselves
from the potential gender equalizing effects of beauty work.
Which of the following is not one of the three reasons men purchase beauty work in
a "women's" hair salon, according to Kristen Barber?
a. they seek to put an end to gender discrimination
b. they enjoy the salon as a place of leisure, luxury and pampering
c. they believe they are forming personal relationships with the women stylists
d. they believe the stylish haircuts they receive are part of a white professional-class
aesthetic.
"I Hate It When People Treat Me Like a Fxxx-up," Jeanne Theoharis
Jeanne Theoharis responds to the commonly held belief that urban minority students
fail to value education by studying attitudes of African American and Latino high
school students who attend an intensely segregated Los Angeles school. The writings of
these students debunk the myth that they do not value an education, and indicate to the
contrary, "how profoundly students value education, how deeply they wish to succeed
academically, and how much they hope to make their families proud." Theoharis
analyzes the schooling these students receive, identifying structural explanations for
why these highly motivated students sometimes claim that "school sucks."
Fremont employs only one college counselor for a student body of:
a. 100
b. 500
c. 1000
d. 5000
"Women's Rights as Human Rights: Toward a Re-Vision of Human Rights,"
Charlotte Bunch
Charlotte Bunch notes that "no government determines its policies toward other
countries on the basis of their treatment of women." In addition, she argues, human
rights organizations rarely treat women as a priority. Government and non-government
agencies alike tend to see women's concerns as trivial, private, or simply outside the
purview of human rights issues. Noting that "sexism kills," Bunch identifies the many
concerns of women that must be made a priority if human rights are to be obtained.
What do women want, according to Bunch?
a. bread and roses
b. food and liberty
c. lives of dignity lived in freedom from domination and violence
d. women want all of these things
"What White Supremacists Taught a Jewish Scholar about Identity," Abby L.
Ferber
Abby L. Ferber examines the interdependence of systems of oppression. Her research
on white supremacy reveals the connection white supremacists groups make between
anti-Semitism and racism in their efforts to maintain the dominant position of Whites in
society. Ferber asserts that the changing racial classification of Jews, as revealed in their
history, demonstrates the social construction of race. Ferber contrasts her own
experience as a Jewish woman, who racially identifies herself as White, with that of her
ancestors who experienced discrimination based on their designation as an inferior,
non-White race. The variability of racial classifications directly challenges the white
supremacists view of innate, and undeniable, White supremacy. Ferber contends that in
order to maintain their position of racial superiority, white supremacists target Jews in
an attempt to deny their evolved racial classification, thereby denying the relativeness
and ambiguity of race.
White supremacist literature, according to Ferber, describes Interracial sex as the:
a. ultimate abomination.
b. ultimate betrayal.
c. ultimate fear.
d. ultimate dislike.
"Families on Frontier: From Braceros in the Fields to Braceras in the Home,"
Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo
Decades ago the demand for immigrant labor in the western United States was a
demand for male labor. This has changed as a result of transformations in political
economy. Now there is a high demand for female immigrant workers. Mexican and
Central American women immigrants become members of transnational families, as
they leave their children at home and work in the United States in order to support their
families financially. Domestic work in the United States, and in many other countries, is
structured in a way that requires workers to be separated from their families. Pierrette
Hondagneu-Sotelo explores the "broad repercussions for the social relations among
Latina Immigrants and their families" that result from the privatization of social
reproduction.
Paid domestic work continues its long legacy as a _______________ occupation.
a. lucrative
b. family friendly
c. gender neutral
d. racialized and gendered
"Shadowy Lines That Still Divide," Janny Scott and David Leonhardt
The United States looks like a classless society, the authors say, but class has actually
come to play a greater role in determining life chances over the past three decades. It is
difficult to discuss class, they argue, because the word is defined differently by different
people. Because people of all classes buy luxury items that would have been
unimaginable fifty years ago, and because shows like American Idol and The
Apprentice reinforce the rags-to-riches mythology that feeds the American dream, the
perception of class has blurred while the reality is that class mobility has flattened, and
inequality of opportunity has increased.
It is difficult to discuss class in the U.S. because:
a. class is defined differently by different people.
b. most people are middle class.
c. it embarrasses poor people to talk about it.
d. its importance is declining.
"Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration
Strategies," Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee
Orfield and Lee call for new strategies to integrate schools, because schools are
re-segregating as a result of recent court decisions, creating separate and unequal
educational experiences for Whites and minorities. This is particularly the case for
African Americans and Latinos, who Orfield and Lee describe as "highly likely to be
attending poorly supported "majority-minority" schools. Blacks and Latinos are doubly
segregated: from Whites and from middle-class students; Latinos experience triple
segregation: by class, race and language.
Latino students face "triple segregation" by:
a. race, neighborhood and sex
b. class, gender and neighborhood
c. language, neighborhood and gender
d. race, class and language
