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When two societies with different cultures come into prolonged, first-hand contact, and
one or both of these societies experience major processes of change, it is called
a. diffusion.
b. acculturation.
c. innovation.
d. syncretism.
e. juxtaposition.
Activities and possessions that are indicative of class are called
a. class indications.
b. symbolic indicators.
c. symbolic classes.
d. class markers.
e. strata.
Clans, because they may have members living in many different villages, depend on
_____ to provide symbolic identification and promote solidarity.
a. totems
b. signs
c. promises
d. treaties
e. feasts
A language family is a group of languages
a. that all have the same core vocabulary.
b. that are subordinate to a dominant language.
c. that all have the same syntax.
d. that use the same number of sounds.
e. that are descended from a single ancestral language.
The source of the Kapauku tonowi's wealth is
a. money.
b. cows.
c. pigs.
d. land.
e. shell necklace.
People share the same culture if they
a. are dependent on each other for survival.
b. are able to interpret and predict each other's actions.
c. live in the same territory.
d. behave in an identical manner.
e. have the same last name.
The theoretical approach exhibited in the Marvin Harris inset on "Pig Lovers and Pig
Haters" arguing that the natural conditions made pig-raising inefficient over the
long-term is
a. symbolic anthropology.
b. neo-evolutionism.
c. cultural ecology.
d. political ecology.
e. cultural materialism.
What is silent trade?
a. Exchange of goods only through various intermediaries so that the final consumer
does not know the producer
b. Exchange of goods and services between distant groups who are unable to have
direct contact
c. Exchange of goods between mutually distrusting ethnic groups that do not want
personal contact
d. A type of redistribution in which there is a display of wealth for social prestige
e. A mode of exchange in which goods flow into a central location and are then
redistributed without acknowledging ownership
Which of the following statements about the Yanomami is incorrect?
a. The Yanomami were repeatedly assaulted by miners and cattle ranchers wanting their
natural resources.
b. The various invaders into Yanomami territory introduced sexually transmitted
diseases and alcoholism.
c. Prior to the arrival of missionaries and foreign traders, the Yanomami did not have to
deal with cultural change.
d. The Brazilian state sent in military units to protect the miners as they torched large
swathes of forestland.
e. In the late 1960s, a measles epidemic killed hundreds of Yanomami.
Approximately how many adults worldwide cannot read or write?
a. 93 million
b. 250 million
c. 300 million
d. 775 million
e. 1 billion
The branch of anthropology that studies human languages is called
a. linguistic anthropology.
b. ethnology.
c. ethnography.
d. ethnolinguistics.
e. ethnography of speaking.
A Scottish butler in an English mansion says to the lady of the house, "You may wish to
stay inside today, Madam; it's quite cold outside." But when he goes back to his own
cottage he is likely to say to his wife in broad Scots, "Shut the door and get inside,
Maggie, you"ll freeze your buns off." In linguistics, this is an example of
a. code switching.
b. class consciousness.
c. glottochronology.
d. phonological analysis.
e. linguistic nationalism.
About 5,000 years ago, which of the following began occurring?
a. Cargo cults
b. Revolutions
c. Religion
d. Diffusion
e. Modernization
Which of the following is not a common depiction of Bushmen rock art?
a. Hunting scenes
b. Women
c. Drums
d. Trance dancers
e. Fly whisks
Two people playing different patterns of beats at the same time is called
a. syncopation.
b. irregular repetition.
c. polyrhythm.
d. pentatonality.
e. tone color.
Multiculturalism involves all of the following except:
a. it is based on mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences.
b. it accepts the rights of others to express their views.
c. it endorses the reciprocal responsibility of all citizens to accept the rights of others.
d. it asserts the value of different cultures coexisting within a single country.
e. it exists without ethnocentrism or discrimination.
Anthropology studies the language of a culture, its philosophy, and its forms of art. In
the process of doing research, ethnographers involve themselves intensively in the lives
of those they study, trying to experience culture from their informants' points of view.
In this sense, anthropology is
a. scientific.
b. humanistic.
c. radical.
d. conservative.
e. systematic.
Chantek is a(n)
a. orangutan.
b. gorilla.
c. bonobo.
d. chimpanzee.
e. gibbon.
The oldest and most universal mode of subsistence is
a. food foraging.
b. subsistence farming.
c. hunting.
d. pastoralism.
e. fishing.
The French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss says that the incest taboo is universal
because
a. humans are instinctively opposed to inbreeding through biological programming.
b. humans repress their sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and thus learn
how to control sexual behavior from birth.
c. humans have learned to establish alliances with strangers and thereby share and
develop culture.
d. humans prefer to marry their brothers and sisters and must use culture to regulate
sexual access and avoid inbreeding.
e. humans do not like sex.
All of the following statements about pilgrimages are correct except:
a. a pilgrimage is a sacred journey involving religious drama.
b. a pilgrimage demands personal sacrifices.
c. pilgrims usually wear special clothing, carry amulets, or perform prescribed rituals
along the way.
d. pilgrims travel to sacred sites with expectations.
e. pilgrimages are practiced by Christians, Buddhists, and Hindus, but not Muslims.
In her field site, because of political unrest, June Nash was accused of
a. stealing.
b. being a CIA agent.
c. being a Bolivian spy.
d. slander.
e. murder.
Peyote buttons contain a psychotropic substance identified as a(n)
a. acid base inhibitor.
b. acid.
c. alkaloid.
d. barbiturate.
e. phosphate.
The interpretative approach can be used to better understand the meaning of rock
paintings in southern Africa.
The following statements about land are made by people who belong to food-foraging,
horticultural, pastoralist, intensive agriculturalist, and industrial societies. Which
statement is most likely to be made by horticulturalists from a tributary system of land
ownership in West Africa?
a. "The land of my people is the land around Spirit Lake, where my ancestors emerged
and where we hold annual ceremonies."
b. "I gave the land to my brother's son, who distributed it among his sons, for which
they pay me ten days' work a year. When the eldest son died, I gave his land to my
cousin, who needs more land for his growing family."
c. "I paid ten grand for that parcel of land in the desert, and expect it to double in value
in the next five years."
d. "In the summer, we go to our land in the mountains, and in the winter, we pass
through the land corridor to the east, using the water holes and meadows for grass until
we reach the summer pastures."
e. "I inherited five acres of land from my mother, as well as the rights to use the water
from the river three days a week."
Which of the following is not a change that affects women who become a Chan
monastic?
a. They devote themselves to their families unselfishly
b. They begin to refer to each other as "brother"
c. They reduce their attachment to worldly things, such as music
d. They eat sparsely and lose weight
e. They shave their heads
One area that is most changing the composition of families today is that of
a. increasing acceptance of polygynous unions.
b. development of new reproductive technologies.
c. increasing numbers of same-sex marriages.
d. decreasing divorce rates.
e. increasing numbers of patrilateral marriages.
An egalitarian, autonomous group composed of related people who occupy a single
region is called a
a. government.
b. state.
c. tribe.
d. chiefdom.
e. band.
If religious belief reflects the structure of society, in which types of society would you
expect to find widespread belief in ancestral spirits?
a. Those in which descent groups play a major role in social organization
b. Those that have a disproportionately large number of old people
c. Those that have a disproportionately large number of young people
d. Those in which neolocal marital residence is the rule
e. Those with egocentric systems such as the kindred
A study of Facebook communities and the ways people interact using social media as a
"cyber" fieldsite is an example of
a. multi-sited ethnography.
b. global ethnography.
c. transnational ethnography.
d. visual ethnography.
e. digital ethnography.
In spite of the recent diversity and vitality of common-interest associations, some have
noted a recent decline in participation in all types of these groups, at least in North
America. How can this decline in participation be explained?
Answer:Will vary
Discuss how the Neolithic Revolution changed human society.
Answer:Will vary
Name and describe three different divisions of labor by gender.
Answer:Will vary
Why is language the most important symbolic aspect of culture?
Answer:Will vary
In most societies, divorce is quite simple.
Independence training is particularly characteristic of rural agrarian societies, where
self-reliance and personal achievement are important traits for survival.
How is social media emerging as a more distinct source of "soft power"?
Answer:Will vary
Among the Canela, it is improper for a mother, sister, or daughter to cut a man's hair.
What is polyandry? How does it fit into other aspects of social structure and adaptation
to environment?
Answer:Will vary
What is the haka, and how is it used?
Answer:Will vary
What is the positive outcome of having strict religious rules that regulate sexual
relations?
Answer:Will vary
Explain the function of sacred places in religion. Use specific examples to illustrate
your answer.
Answer:Will vary
Leveling mechanisms are found in every society, although they are less common in
smaller, more traditional societies where there is less material need.
What is the history of "culture at a distance," and what contributions did it make to the
long-term study of anthropology?
Answer:Will vary
What are the benefits and challenges of an arranged marriage? Using India as an
example, discuss how the marriage relationship might be altered in having an arranged
marriage rather than a marriage of individual choice. Consider the role of the families
as well as the couple.
Answer:Will vary
What are the major causes and consequences of revolution?
Answer:Will vary
The African continent is 25% Christian.
Explain teknonymy, and give an example.
Answer:Will vary
Oral tradition helps Aborigines claim extensive indigenous land ownership.
Anthropological interest in art goes beyond the appreciation of beauty in its many
various forms. Explain why anthropologists are interested in art and how that interest
has contributed to the understanding of cultures. Give two specific examples to
illustrate your points.
Answer:Will vary
In the process of construal, the brain tries to make sense of entopic images.
