Members of the order Primate are very diverse in behavior and morphology. Much of
this diversity may be understood as adaptations to particular environments. Using this
knowledge to gain insight into human behavior and morphology is an example of
a. reasoning by analogy.
b. reasoning by homology.
c. reasoning by convergence.
d. reasoning by divergence.
Artifacts and fossils from the site of Arcy-sur-Cure indicate that
a. Neanderthals and modern humans fought each other.
b. only modern humans lived there.
c. Neanderthals borrowed technology from modern humans.
d. Neanderthals killed off that population of modern humans.
The morphology of the marsupial wolf of Tasmania is very similar to that of the
placental wolves of Eurasia. This is an example of
a. blending inheritance.
b. convergent evolution.
c. essentialism.
d. continuous variation.
Adaptive radiations are associated with
a. macroevolution.
b. microevolution.
c. taxonomy.
d. systematics.
Variation refers to
a. differences between individuals or populations of individuals.
b. only genetic differences between individuals or populations of individuals.
c. only environmental differences between individuals or populations of individuals.
d. only cultural differences between individuals or populations of individuals.
Which of the following is an example of directional selection?
a. Both small and large individuals survive.
b. Only large individuals survive.
c. The proportion of small and large individuals remains the same.
d. Neither small nor large individuals survive.
Evidence that Homo ergaster ate meat includes the fact that
a. their tools were well designed for chopping.
b. their teeth were well designed for shearing.
c. they lived in Africa.
d. Homo ergaster lived in areas where fruits and plant food were not always available.
The tools found in Australia are classified as which type of tools?
a. Mousterian
b. Oldowan
c. Upper Paleolithic
d. Middle Stone Age
Fecundity is defined as the ability of
a. a population to have variation.
b. an individual to compete for resources.
c. an individual to survive to adulthood.
d. an individual to produce offspring.
If the coefficient of relatedness between two individuals is zero (r= 0), then
a. altruism can evolve if c> b.
b. altruism can evolve if c< b.
c. altruism cannot evolve via kin selection.
d. altruism will sometimes evolve regardless of the values of cand b.
There are two chimpanzees in an experimental design: a dominant one and a
subordinate one. The subordinate can see two caches of food, but the dominant can see
only one. If chimpanzees have a theory of mind, which of the caches of food do you
predict the subordinate chimp will attempt to acquire?
a. The one in view of the dominant chimpanzee
b. The one hidden from the dominant chimpanzee
c. Neither
d. Both
Unlike a eukaryote, a prokaryote
a. does not have DNA.
b. has many introns and exons.
c. has a large number of chromosomes.
d. does not have a nucleus.
According to the ecological species concept, individuals within a species remain similar
to each other because
a. individuals in the same environment experience similar natural selection pressures.
b. lack of gene flow prevents the mixing of genes.
c. individuals in the same population share DNA.
d. individuals in the same environment sometimes experience different selection
pressures.
A new beneficial mutation causes a(n) ________ in which both the mutation and the
DNA linked to the mutation on the same chromosome spread throughout the
population.
a. environmental covariation
b. specific language impairment
c. selective sweep
d. situation of negative selection
Which of the following is true regarding parent”offspring conflict?
a. Weaning is an example of parent”offspring conflict, and this transition reflects a
fundamental symmetry in the genetic interests of mothers and offspring.
b. A mother is equally related to each of her offspring; in contrast, an offspring is at
most 25% related to its siblings but is 100% related to itself.
c. A mother is motivated to wean her current infant so she can begin investment in her
next infant, but the infant will resist its mother’s attempts at weaning because it is not in
its genetic best interest.
d. Parent”offspring conflict only occurs in primates because reproductive costs are
higher than for other mammals.
A primitive trait of Homo ergaster is
a. large browridges.
b. a small brain.
c. a vestibular system similar to that of quadrupedal primates.
d. short legs, long arms, and curved fingers.
Why did Darwin’s contemporaries believe that natural selection could not move a
population beyond its initial range of variation?
a. Because selection cannot permanently change a population
b. Because selection does not produce new variants
c. Because selection can only act to stabilize variants
d. Because small increments of change are highly advantageous and cannot be bred out
through blending
Derived features of anatomically modern humans included
a. a more procumbent face than that of Neanderthals.
b. a wide nasal aperture.
c. a larger brain.
d. a protruding chin.
For male soapberry bugs, behavioral plasticity is costly because
a. males must cooperate with other males to guard females.
b. flexibility requires longer appendages.
c. males will sometimes make mistakes about the local sex ratio and behave
inappropriately.
d. flexible males have to grow larger and therefore need more food.
Evolutionary change in a phenotype
a. results from change in the environment only.
b. reflects change in the underlying genetic composition of a population.
c. cannot be passed from parent to offspring.
d. Both a and c.
Cumulative cultural change is possible
a. with social facilitation only.
b. with observational learning only.
c. only when learning is mainly genetic
d. only in humans
Acheulean stone tools were
a. varied randomly in size and shape.
b. more standardized than Oldowan tools.
c. probably used mainly for chopping.
d. a Mode 3 technology.
The way genes are expressedphenotypesis influenced by which of the following?
a. The genes of the parents
b. The local environment
c. The age of the organism
d. The culture
The modern synthesis refers to
a. the combination of Mendelian and blending inheritance.
b. the combination of anthropology and biology.
c. the combination of modern genetics and Darwinism.
d. the combination of modern anthropology with animal behavior.
During a drought on Daphne Major, ground finches with thinner beaks would have been
at an advantage over the birds that lacked this trait. However, because beak depth was
favored by natural selection, beak width also increased. This is an example of how
selection on one character can cause other characters to change in a ________ direction.
a. positively correlated
b. fixated
c. maladaptive
d. plastic
A cross between true-breeding plants bearing yellow seeds produces offspring bearing
a. all yellow seeds.
b. 1/2 yellow and 1/2 green seeds.
c. 3 yellow seeds and 1 green seed.
d. all green seeds.
If primates make different calls when they detect other species nearby, then one could
predict
a. they want to attract the other species so they can find them.
b. they want to define their territory.
c. those calls are to defend their resources.
d. those are specific alarm calls to avoid predation.
When group selection and individual selection are opposed,
a. group selection prevails if groups are large and there is little migration.
b. individual selection prevails.
c. group selection usually prevails because the conditions for individual selection are
too stringent.
d. group selection never prevails.
Sickle-cell anemia
a. is on the decline.
b. is caused by the change in two amino acids that make up the hemoglobin molecule.
c. results when hemoglobin molecules do not fold correctly, reducing their ability to
bind to oxygen.
d. increases an individual’s susceptibility to malaria.
Natural selection can move a population beyond its initial range of variation if there is
a. mutation.
b. fixation.
c. hidden variation.
d. both a and c.
Which of the following does the ecological species concept emphasize?
a. The importance of allopatry between species
b. The importance of gene flow within species
c. The importance of sympatry within species
d. The importance of selection pressures