There is no difference between the biological and cultural definitions of race.
In the Igbo women’s war, women used song, dance, noise, and “in-your-face” behavior
to attempt to subvert formal authority, but women did not gain any greater influence.
Health care systems refers only to the nationalized health care services that exist in core
industrial nations.
Ethnography is increasingly multitimed and multisited, the result of a shift toward a
recognition of the ongoing and inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and
information that characterizes much of the world today.
Anthropology has three dimensions: academic, applied, and a mix of the two.
Sociolinguists and cultural anthropologists studying Puerto Rican communities in the
Midwestern United States found that Puerto Rican parents valued education more than
non-Hispanics did.
According to Leslie White, culture is dependent upon the ability to create and use
symbols.
In the social sciences, associations are usually probable rather than absolute.
A bachelor’s degree in anthropology is of little value in the corporate world.
The Hindu principle of ahimsa functions to ensure that cattle milk production is
maximized.
Culture is transmitted in society.
Gender stratification tends to be extremely pronounced in patrilineal-patrilocal
societies.
Population control in states refers to the police and military.
Winning in team sports is more highly prized as a cultural value in Brazil than in the
United States.
Serial polygamy is the practice of having more than one wife, but never more than one
at the same time.
Although acculturation can be applied to any case of cultural contact and change, the
term most often has described Westernization, the positive influence of Western
expansion that has spread democratic and capitalistic values to those less fortunate.
TV programming that is culturally alien tends to outperform native programming when
the alien programming comes from the United States, Great Britain, or France.
When nations become more tied to the world economy, indigenous forms of social
organization inevitably break down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and
alienation.
Hunting is a distinctive human activity not shared with the apes.
The current world stratification system features a substantial contrast between
capitalists and workers in the core nations, and workers on the periphery.
A syncretism is a mixture of cultural influences from a series of different cultural
traditions.
The differences between sociology and cultural anthropology are becoming
increasingly more distinct.
One theory regarding the universality of the incest taboo argues that by forcing people
to marry outside their immediate kin group, peaceful alliances between people would
extend to include a greater number of individuals.
Survey research studies a small sample of a larger population.
The relative gender equality found in horticultural societies most likely characterizes
the most natural state of gender differentiation.
Kinesics is the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures,
and facial expressions.
When people are asked to give up the basis of their livelihood, they usually comply,
especially if they are paid money.
Multiculturalism emphasizes the need for a series of cultures to abandon their old ethnic
identities and join together to forge a new and unique cultural identity.
Manchester anthropologists Max Gluckman and Victor Turner made conflict an
important part of their analysis, distancing themselves somewhat from Panglossian
functionalism, the tendency to see things as functioning not just to maintain the system
but to do so in the most optimal way possible.
Non-Western medicine recognizes that poor health has intertwined physical, emotional,
and social causes.
Global warming is primarily due to increased solar radiation, not human activity.
According to Edward Tylor, religion evolved from polytheism to animism to
monotheism.
Cross-culturally, the subsistence contributions of men and women are roughly equal.
With patrilineal descent, someone takes his or her father’s last name but recognizes
descent through both parents.
Although nuclear families are found in many societies around the world, this
phenomenon is not a cultural universal.
Religious fundamentalism is as old as religion itself.
Scientific medicine is not the same thing as Western medicine. Despite advances in
technology, genomics, molecular biology, pathology, surgery, diagnostics, and
applications, many Western medical procedures have little justification in logic or fact.
Culture is not itself biological but rests on certain features of human biology.
This chapter’s overview of the history of anthropological theory suggests that the
discipline has made no important contributions to social theory in general.
According to Marx, the bourgeoisie is made up of the people who must sell their labor
to survive.
This chapter’s “Focus on Globalization” section discusses economic globalization.
Which of the following is an outcome of our 21st-century global economy?
A.Modern-day transnational finance has shifted economic control of local life to
outsiders.
B.Economic functions are now locally controlled.
C.Foreigners now finance only a small percentage of the U.S. national debt.
D.American companies are withdrawing from foreign markets.
E.With increasing globalization there is increased face-to-face contact in economic
transactions.
Which of the following statements about shifting cultivation is true?
A.It is typically associated with the use of draft animals.
B.It cannot support permanent villages.
C.It requires irrigation.
D.It requires cultivators to change plots of land, with the fallowing durations varying in
different societies.
E.It relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
Anthropology may aid in the progress of education by helping educators avoid all of the
following EXCEPT
A.indiscriminate assignment of nonnative English speakers to the same classrooms as
children with “behavior problems.”
B.tolerance of ethnic diversity.
C.incorrect application of labels such as “learning impaired.”
D.sociolinguistic discrimination.
E.ethnic stereotyping.
Today’s global economy and communications link all contemporary people, directly or
indirectly, in the modern world system. People must now cope with forces generated by
progressively larger systemsthe region, the nation, and the world. For anthropologists
studying contemporary forms of adaptation, why might this be a challenge?
A.Truly isolated indigenous communities, anthropology’s traditional and ongoing study
focus, are becoming harder to find.
B.According to Marcus and Fischer (1986), “The cultures of world peoples need to be
constantly rediscovered as these people reinvent them in changing historical
circumstances.”
C.A more dynamic world system, with greater and faster movements of people across
space, speeds up the process of evolution, making the study of genetic adaptations more
difficult.
D.Anthropological research tools do not work in this new modern world system,
making their contributions less valuable.
E.Since cultures are tied to place, people moving around and connecting across space
means the end of culture, and thus the end of anthropology.
Tribal societies, which are typically organized by village life or membership in descent
groups, tend to be egalitarian. However, egalitarianism diminishes
A.as tribal leaders gain too much power and start to put it to use to buy favors.
B.as village size and population density increase.
C.as the village head’s family grows.
D.the closer one is to the big man’s wife.
E.as the overall population ages.
What is the most common system of kinship classification used in the United States?
A.bifurcate merging
B.lineal
C.bifurcate collateral
D.generational
E.patrilineal
How are nonindustrial economic systems embedded in society?
A.People are not aware that they are working toward a goal.
B.The economic system has little to do with the everyday life of the people.
C.The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship.
D.Most nonindustrial economies are managed systems.
E.Most economic activity takes place far from home.
Just as in other areas of anthropology, the study of language involves investigating what
is or isn’t shared across human populations and why these differences or similarities
exist. The linguist Noam Chomsky has argued that the human brain contains a limited
set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural
basis. He calls this set of rules
A.the evolutionary linguistic imprint.
B.linguistic structuralism.
C.generalities.
D.a global mental map.
E.the universal grammar.
Although the nuclear family remains a cultural ideal for many Americans, nuclear
families accounted for just 20 percent of American households in 2012. In fact, other
domestic arrangements outnumber the traditional U.S. household five to one. All of the
following are among the reasons for this trend EXCEPT that
A.women are increasingly joining men in the workforce.
B.job demands compete with romantic attachments.
C.divorce rates have risen.
D.it is increasingly economically feasible for women to delay marriage and yet live
away from their family of orientation.
E.contrary to expectations, the importance of kinship is growing in contemporary
nations.
Language and communication involve much more than just verbal speech. The study of
communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions is
known as
A.linguistic physiology.
B.biosemantics.
C.kinesics.
D.protolinguistics.
E.diglossia.
This chapter’s “Focus on Globalization” discusses outsourcing jobs to countries outside
the United States. What is an outcome of this process?
A.decreased profits for U.S. corporations
B.an increase in union membership within the U.S.
C.corporations realizing the importance of workers’ rights
D.fewer jobs in the U.S., as they are replaced by machines and outsourced jobs
E.more incentives for illegal immigration
What is microenculturation?
A.a condition that exists in large, industrialized states, wherein most of the population
has only a small amount of real culture
B.the process whereby particular roles are learned within a limited social system (for
example, a business)
C.the process whereby enculturation is accomplished through advanced media
technology
D.the result of the meeting between foraging and tribal communities in less developed
countries
E.enculturation based on a focused interest; for example, reruns of a TV show like Star
Trek
Nation-states
A.are defined by their lack of ethnic identity.
B.are ethnically homogeneous.
C.are the same as tribes and ethnic groups.
D.are parts of other states.
E.sometimes encourage ethnic divisions for political and economic ends.
The Makah, a tribe that lives near the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the
Olympic Peninsula, see themselves as whalers and continue to identify themselves
spiritually with whales. Their ongoing struggle to maintain their traditional way of life,
which involves whale hunting, demonstrates how
A.some indigenous communities are able to isolate themselves from national and
international politics despite continuous threat from outsiders.
B.indigenous communities do not understand the threat their activities pose to
endangered species.
C.contemporary law is useless in solving disputes with indigenous communities.
D.contemporary indigenous groups have to grapple with multiple levels of culture,
contestation, and political regulation.
E.animals do not have rights.
The human capacity for culture has an evolutionary basis that extends back at least 2.6
million years. This date corresponds to
A.the earliest production of cave art found in South Africa.
B.early toolmakers, whose products survive in the archaeological record.
C.a genetic mutation that caused an increase in brain size and complexity.
D.the advent of anatomically modern primates.
E.evidence of hunting and the use of fire to cook tough meats.
This chapter’s “Appreciating Diversity” account describes how McDonald’s was able to
succeed in the Brazilian market once it adapted to preexisting Brazilian cultural
patterns. This example illustrates
A.how the axiom of applied anthropology that innovation succeeds best when it is
culturally appropriate applies only in Western cultures.
B.the danger of applied anthropology turning itself into a tool of capitalist interests,
which always disregard the culture and well-being of the consumer.
C.how the axiom of applied anthropology that innovation succeeds best when it is
culturally appropriate applies not just to development projects but also to businesses,
such as fast food.
D.applied anthropology’s capacity to help foreign markets adapt to a marketing strategy
that must, above all costs, maintain the integrity of its brand.
E.Brazilians’ intolerance of foreign goods, because the companies that produce them
disregard Brazilian tastes.
What makes up ego’s nuclear family of orientation?
A.parents and siblings
B.spouse and offspring
C.extended family
D.lineal kin
E.collateral kin
In 1998, the American Anthropological Association issued a statement on race. This
statement makes all of the following points EXCEPT that
A.there is greater variation within “racial” groups than between them.
B.although the continued sharing of genetic materials has maintained all of humankind
as a single species, some scientists suggest that current racial divisions in society that
keep certain groups from interbreeding might lead to a true separate species.
C.physical variations in any given trait tend to occur gradually rather than abruptly over
geographic areas.
D.physical variations in the human species have no meanings beyond the social ones
that humans put on them.
E.race evolved as a worldview, a body of prejudgments that distorts our ideas about
human differences and group behavior.
What are the two basic social units of foraging societies?
A.the band and the clan
B.the lineage and the nuclear family
C.the extended family and the clan
D.the nuclear family and the band
E.the band and the extended family
Which term refers to the family in which a child is raised?
A.family of procreation
B.family of orientation
C.family of nucleation
D.genealogical family
E.family of kin
The Inuit song battle is
A.sometimes the occasion for a “treacherous feast.”
B.a widespread feature of tribal society.
C.a ritualized means of designating hunting lands.
D.a means of resolving disputes so as to forestall open conflict.
E.used to initiate colonial strategies.
Which of the following is NOT associated with the market principle?
A.the profit motive
B.the law of supply and demand
C.impersonal economic relations
D.industrialism
E.kin-based generalized reciprocity
Which of the following was a characteristic shared by recent foraging communities?
A.They fished a great deal.
B.They relied on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C.They spoke simplified languages.
D.They lived in marginal environments that were of little interest to food-producing
societies.
E.They devolved to foraging from a more advanced level of subsistence.
Modern foragers are not Stone Age relics, living fossils, lost tribes, or noble savages.
Still, to the extent that foraging has been the basis of their subsistence, contemporary
and recent hunter-gatherers
A.are the closest we can come to studying true human nature.
B.illustrate links between foraging economies and the emergence of social stratification.
C.suggest that the most basic motive driving human survival is the need for power.
D.can illustrate links between foraging economies and other aspects of society and
culture, such as their sociopolitical organization.
E.illustrate the social precursors to hegemony.
The labels First World, Second World, and Third World represent a common, if
ethnocentric, way of categorizing nations. First World refers to the democratic West,
which is traditionally conceived of as being in opposition to a Second World ruled by
A.folk economic and political models.
B.primitive neoliberalism.
C.Communism.
D.dictators.
E.imperialism.
Who the mentioned in the text as a founder of the anthropology of religion?
A.Margaret Mead
B.Claude Lvi-Strauss
C.Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard
D.Sir Edward Burnett Tylor
E.Bronislaw Malinowski
How does a big man increase his status?
A.Big men are village heads who are trying to turn their achieved status into something
more permanent; the standard way of doing this is through conspicuous symbolic
displays of wealth.
B.The term big man refers to the liminal state a Kapauku youth enters before marriage;
he accumulates wealth as a way of funding the wedding and paying the bride price.
C.Big men are typically war leaders and as such, must have a standing supply of
“grievance gifts” to compensate the families of warriors who die under their command.
D.The primary means of becoming a big man is the wearing of a tonowi shell necklace,
which is imported from the coast and is therefore quite expensive by Kapauku
standards.
E.Big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate; instead, they redistribute it to create
and maintain alliances with political supporters.
Which of the following is NOT a reason that the Indian sacred cow is adaptive,
according to Harris’s studies?
A.Zebu cattle require less food per animal than do beef cattle.
B.Wandering cattle indirectly provide fertilizer for agricultural fields.
C.Zebu cattle are frequently slaughtered and their meat distributed on ceremonial
occasions.
D.Cattle dung provides a cheap source of heating and cooking energy.
E.Cattle are an affordable form of power for peasant farmers.
One of the stated goals of public anthropology is to
A.oppose policies that promote injustice.
B.refrain from discussion of social issues in the media.
C.promote anthropology as a career, especially to minorities.
D.encourage academic anthropologists to become applied anthropologists.
E.restrict the publication of research papers to professional journals.
What kinds of societies typically are associated with slash-and-burn cultivation?
A.foraging societies
B.state-level societies
C.hydraulic societies
D.nonindustrial societies
E.nomadic societies
What is linguistic relativity? Illustrate how it applies to languages and to dialects of
English.
Answer:Answers will vary
What are the similarities and differences between religions of foraging societies and
those of nation-states? How do these compare with Olympian religions and
monotheism? What kinds of general evolutionary trends are discernible in religious
worship?
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss two cases illustrating religion’s role in social change.
Answer:Answers will vary
How can mass media play a cultural role for those individuals and families leading
transnational lives?
Answer:Answers will vary
Anthropologists often say that in nonindustrial societies, economic relationships are
embedded in social relationships. What does this mean?
Answer:Answers will vary
How do you explain the universality of religion?
Answer:Answers will vary
This chapter provides an example of human adaptation to high altitude to illustrate the
various forms of cultural and biological adaptation. Can you think of another example
that illustrates the broad capacity of humans to adapt both biologically and culturally?
Answer:Answers will vary
How has this chapter challenged your understanding of the concept of human nature?
Answer:Answers will vary
This chapter’s description of the Makua of Mozambique illustrates the combination of
newer and more traditional characteristics of the Makua’s formal political system. Give
three examples of how the formal and traditional systems mix. Would the duality of the
Makua system have been revealed had the analysis of this community focused only on
the formal aspects of social control?
Answer:Answers will vary
What is the relationship between gender stratification and economic roles? Do these
relationships apply equally to all types of societies, regardless of the type of productive
activity? Why or why not?
Answer:Answers will vary
How have anthropologists tried to bring evolution into the study of human culture?
Have these approaches succeeded, or failed? Why? Do you see any way in which
evolution and culture could be united into a broad and effective explanatory paradigm?
Answer:Answers will vary
Modern hunter-gatherers should not be seen as representative of Stone Age peoples, all
of whom were also foragers. Why?
Answer:Answers will vary
Using what you know about cross-cultural comparisons of marital practices, discuss the
following statement: Serial monogamy is the result of a cultural emphasis on
individualism, whereas polygamy is the result of a cultural emphasis on social
responsibility.
Answer:Answers will vary
There is considerable debate today over whether or not governments should require
schools to provide bilingual education for students, and if so, to what extent this should
be carried out. Pretend that you are an anthropologist who has been asked to provide
guidance on this issue to a school board in a bilingual community. What can you
suggest about the nature of ethnicity, language, and enculturation that will help
educators address their challenges?
Answer:Answers will vary
What is the difference between kin terms and genealogical kin types? Why would an
anthropologist want to make such a distinction? Can you see any problems with this
distinction? In your everyday experience, do you distinguish between kin terms and
genealogical kin types?
Answer:Answers will vary