Matrilineal descent groups are associated with farming societies in which _____
performs most of the labor in the house and gardens.
a. men
b. women
c. women’s brothers
d. children
e. hired workers
Humans’ major mode of adaptation, which enables them to live effectively in diverse
environments, is
a. education.
b. culture.
c. bureaucracy.
d. religion.
e. biology.
All of the following are reasons it is important to map the field site with information
from local people except:
a. much cultural information is contained on a key consultant’s map.
b. the map will contain local place names.
c. the map will contain information on local features and land use in the area.
d. social information will be contained on the map.
e. local informants have official maps available to make this accurate and quantitative.
All of the following are associated with polygyny except:
a. commonly found in societies in which women do the bulk of cultivation work.
b. wives have a strong bargaining power within the household.
c. women are normally much younger than the men they marry.
d. frequently found in societies that have suffered violence and in which there are high
male combat deaths.
e. shows the lower status of men than women in these societies.
Laura Bohannan, in a classic essay called “Shakespeare in the Bush,” describes the
problems she had in conveying an appreciation of Hamlet to the Tiv of Nigeria. She
eventually realized that, far from being universalistic and transcendent, even great art is
to some extent culture-bound. Is there any possibility of coming up with aesthetic
standards that are applicable cross-culturally? Would some works of art be recognizable
as better than others to people outside of their cultures of origin?
Answer:Will vary
A key point in William Ury’s 2002 book, Must We Fight? was that, “Conflict is not
going to end, but _____ can.”
a. starvation
b. ethnic repression
c. violence
d. illiteracy
e. rebellions
A system composed of both the natural environment and all living organisms within it is
called a(n)
a. biodome.
b. ecological diversity system.
c. ecoscape.
d. ecodome.
e. ecosystem.
My mother’s brother’s son is my
a. brother.
b. fictive cousin.
c. patrilateral cousin.
d. parallel cousin.
e. cross cousin.
The personality typical of a society, as indicated by the central tendency of a defined
frequency distribution, is called
a. a core value.
b. a nuclear personality.
c. a pattern of affect.
d. culture and personality.
e. a modal personality.
The Aymara Indians, who live in the mountains of Bolivia, have become biologically
adapted to their environment by being
a. short legged and barrel chested and surviving on lower oxygen content.
b. long legged and extremely thin in comparison to the rest of the nation.
c. short legged and very narrow chested and surviving on higher oxygen content.
d. excellent climbers with an extraordinary sense of balance.
e. long legged and stocky chested because of enlarged heart and lungs.
All of the following statements regarding a lineage are correct except:
a. it always involves a totem.
b. it is part of unilineal descent.
c. it is kinship that can be traced directly to an ancestor.
d. it has a genealogical depth of 4-6 generations.
e. it is found in both matrilineal and patrilineal groups.
Ethnocide is represented by each of the following except:
a. systematic killing of men, women, and children among Native American populations
during the Anglo-European settling of New England.
b. decimation of the Kung population as the result of disease.
c. movement of hunting and gathering peoples from their jungle environment to land
that they are expected to farm.
d. resettlement of groups that were formerly enemies to the same reservation.
e. development of new and more devastating weapons as a result of innovation.
Regarding the Kpelle of West Africa, which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. The Kpelle chief has uniformed messengers that deliver his communications
b. The Kpelle chief has many wives, which indicates his comparative wealth
c. Kpelle chiefs have served as salaried state officials in more recent history
d. The Kpelle chief engages in manual labor daily in order to set an example for his
people
e. The Kpelle chief receives a commission from the government on how much taxes
and laborers he provides
The use of money for exchange has been traced back as far as 5,000 years ago in
Mesopotamia.
Although all societies have some kind of incest taboo, the relationship which is
considered incestuous may vary. Concepts of incest seem to be related to a group’s
definitions of endogamy and exogamy, thus suggesting that incest taboos may help to
promote:
a. stability of the family.
b. inbreeding genetic errors.
c. brother-sister marriages.
d. parallel cousin marriages.
e. cross-cousin marriages.
The imposition of obedience or submission by force or intimidation is called
a. authority.
b. power.
c. coercion.
d. legitimacy.
e. violence.
Melanin
a. makes the skin softer and more pliable for physical activity.
b. protects the skin against ultraviolet solar radiation.
c. is not found in Caucasian populations.
d. is produced through exposure to the sun.
e. is necessary to produce Vitamin D.
As a prelude to social interaction, Apache hosts feel compelled to offer their guest
a. cattle.
b. beer.
c. food.
d. small gifts.
e. seats.
Laura Nader has called on anthropologists to “study up.” What does she mean by this
term?
a. Anthropologists should study high-altitude peoples and cultures in order to
understand adaptation.
b. Anthropologists should people of a higher class than themselves.
c. Anthropologists should study the elites of a society and not only the common people.
d. Anthropologists should intensify their studies and become more involved in
advocacy anthropology.
e. Anthropologists should be more committed to urgent anthropology before indigenous
peoples are all gone.
The primary method in the anthropologist’s toolkit, regardless of the time period, has
always been
a. participant observation.
b. mapping.
c. random sampling.
d. formal interviews.
e. mentoring.
_____ set a new standard for fieldwork in anthropology through his research with the
Trobriand people.
a. E.E. Evans-Pritchard
b. Claude Levi-Strauss
c. Bronislaw Malinowski
d. Ruth Benedict
e. Alfred Wallace
The violent eradication of an ethnic group’s collective cultural identity is called
a. genocide.
b. ethnocide.
c. homicide.
d. extinction.
e. acculturation.
Food-foraging societies are egalitarian because
a. humans, in their natural state, like to share.
b. it is unnatural for some people to be richer than others.
c. their mobility and type of technology limits the accumulation of surplus possessions.
d. they are constantly threatened by starvation.
e. their king told them to be that way.
If the animal figures on a Haida totem are highly stylized and represent only the most
basic forms of animals, then the totem would be considered as
a. representational.
b. abstract.
c. narrative.
d. symbolic.
e. performative.
Phonology is the
a. modern scientific study of all aspects of language.
b. systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language.
c. study of language sounds.
d. study of the patterns and rules by which words are arranged.
e. the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax.
All of the following statements about tattoos are correct except:
a. tattoos are transformed into fine art through redefinition and framing based on formal
and ideological qualities.
b. tattoos were first brought to the U.S. by British Captain John Smith from the Pacific.
c. tattoos can function as a mark of affiliation and identity for the bearer.
d. there are class distinctions in tattoos and tattoo art.
e. tattoos have long been one of the simplest ways of identifying the human as a social
being.
An explanation in science of natural phenomena, supported by a reliable body of data,
is called a(n)
a. theory.
b. hypothesis.
c. fact.
d. doctrine.
e. intuition.
A clan is similar to a lineage except:
a. a clan has fewer people.
b. clan members are unable to trace exact genealogical links to their common ancestor.
c. clans are more likely to hold tangible property corporately.
d. clans are exogamous whereas lineages are endogamous.
e. clans are patrilocal whereas lineages are matrilocal.
The Bakhtiari are a
a. pastoral group who raise goats and sheep.
b. pastoral group who raise pigs and cows.
c. foraging group with an extensive home range.
d. horticultural group that raises manioc and bananas.
e. horticultural group that raises taro, yams, and wheat.
In Biblical times, chariots and carts were widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th
century, the old Roman roads had deteriorated so much that wheeled vehicles were
replaced by camels. This illustrates that the processes of change is sometimes due to
a. primary innovation.
b. secondary innovation.
c. diffusion.
d. cultural loss.
e. revitalization.
Among the Tsembaga of Papua New Guinea, there is a relationship between the
physical and social environments that involves ritual slaughter in order to re-establish
harmony. What animal is slaughtered to reduce pressure on the local environments?
a. Dogs
b. Sheep
c. Pigs
d. Goats
e. Cows
The most formal of political organizations and one of the hallmarks of civilization, this
type of political organization has a centralized government that may legitimately use
force to regulate the affairs of its citizens, as well as its relations with other similar
political systems. It is called a
a. state.
b. band.
c. chiefdom.
d. tribe.
e. nation.
Which part of the U.S. chicken is a primary export to China?
a. Legs
b. Breasts
c. Wings
d. Feet
e. Necks
Which of the following primates is the only one known to use mediators in conflict
resolution?
a. Spider monkeys
b. Chimpanzees
c. Baboons
d. Gorillas
e. Bonobos
The observation that all cultures include activities that provide aesthetic pleasure
suggests all of the following except:
a. humans may have an innate or acquired need to produce art.
b. the human mind requires the stimulation of imaginative play, and art is a basic
expression.
c. all societies, from food-foraging bands to industrial states, include art in their culture.
d. art is a necessary activity in which all normal, active members of society participate.
e. art is a very specialized activity that likely led to the creation of distinct classes in
society.
What is the function of traditional woman/woman marriage in sub-Saharan Africa?
Answer:Will vary
Reactions of indigenous peoples to changes forced upon them vary considerably.
Describe how various groups have reacted to forced change.
Answer:Will vary
Cultural control is control through external sanctions against individual misbehavior.
Describe grouping by age.
Answer:Will vary
All societies offer the chance of social mobility.
Contrast the concepts of class and caste.
Answer:Will vary
What is structural violence? Explain and discuss at least four examples of structural
violence in our world today.
Answer:Will vary
How is bilateral descent different from ambilineal descent?
Answer:Will vary
Compare and contrast open and closed class societies.
Answer:Will vary
Child exchange is quite common in many cultures.
Explain the connection between global megacorporations, soft economic power, and
politically-based governments in countries, both large and small, around the world
today.
Answer:Will vary
Food producers have less craft specialization than food foragers.
How do anthropologists define race?
Answer:Will vary
Choose a major form of primary innovation (such as a wheel or steam engine) and trace
secondary innovations that evolved from it. What does this reveal about human
creativity and tool-making?
Answer:Will vary
Why do the Inuit peoples suffer from high levels of toxic breast milk?
Answer:Will vary
Cross-cultural studies show that homicide rates mostly decline after the death penalty is
abolished.
Anthropologists believe there is a cultural value in preserving languages.
Discuss the importance of the Shamanic Complex. How does community contribute to
illness and healing? What is the social role of healing outside of the patient and the
healer, whether it be a Western doctor or shaman?
Answer:Will vary