Homo ergaster males were
a. twice as large as females.
b. 20% to 30% larger than females.
c. about the same size as females.
d. smaller than females.
Which of the following statements is true concerning human foraging groups?
a. Changes in human life history pattern were likely driven by humans’ emphasis on
collected foods.
b. Humans have been shaped by natural selection to be born able to carry out most
important foraging tasks.
c. Food sharing and division of labor lead to increased competition between males and
increased sexual dimorphism.
d. Food sharing and division of labor lead to reduced competition between males and
reduced sexual dimorphism.
The oldest anatomically modern human fossils are found in
a. caves in the Middle East.
b. Omo Kibish, in southern Ethiopia, Africa.
c. Southeast Asia.
d. Southern Australia.
The observation that chickens and humans are bipedal but not part of the same
taxonomic group is an example of
a. gene flow.
b. ancestry.
c. systematics.
d. convergent evolution.
Emulation occurs when individuals
a. perform an action by watching the behavior of others.
b. learn the end state of a behavior but not the behavior that generated the end state.
c. have an increased chance of learning a behavior when others have that behavior.
d. learn a behavior by following the first steps then figuring out the rest on their own.
During the human Cultural Revolution, innovations included
a. the exclusive use of stones for tools.
b. the exclusive use of animal material for tools.
c. local use of raw materials.
d. long-distance transportation of raw materials.
Describe the structure of DNA.
What are the genotypic frequencies of the following population: 60 AA, 120 Aa, and 20
aa individuals?
a. 30% AA, 60% Aa, and 10% aa
b. 60% A and 40% a
c. 60% AA, 120% Aa, and 20% aa
d. None of the above.
According to the authors of your textbook,
a. human evolution is basically over because most of the evolution of human behavior
and human societies is not driven by natural selection.
b. human evolution is rapidly continuing as humans biologically adapt to their
environments.
c. genetic evolution is more likely today than it was before the advent of agriculture 10
kya.
d. natural selection is completely irrelevant to the study of human behavior and mate
choice in modern societies.
The executive brain ratio is closely linked to
a. home range size.
b. nocturnal activity patterns.
c. forms of tool use.
d. the amount of fruit in the diet.
Dependence on meat may facilitate
a. food sharing.
b. a shorter juvenile period.
c. increased competition between males.
d. increased sexual dimorphism.
The phenotype of an individual refers to
a. its visible characteristics.
b. the number of homologous pairs of chromosomes.
c. the number of chromosomes in its body cells.
d. the number of chromosomes in its sex cells.
During the last 65 million years, the climate
a. first warmed, then cooled, and most recently became variable.
b. underwent a constant cooling trend, with decreasing variability.
c. underwent a constant warming trend, with some recent variability.
d. did not change.
________ is a derived feature that Proconsul shares with living apes and humans.
a. The absence of a tail
b. The presence of short upper limbs
c. The presence of a narrow chest
d. Thin tooth enamel
Continuously varying characters
a. are affected by genes at only one locus.
b. have a large effect on the phenotype.
c. can be greatly affected by the environment.
d. do not help to explain how variation is maintained.
In the Middle East, anatomically modern humans
a. experienced the human revolution earlier than other anatomically modern humans.
b. killed off the Neanderthals.
c. existed for 50,000 years without using tools typical of the human revolution.
d. migrated back to Africa.
The first primates that were similar to modern monkeys appeared
a. at Fayum in Egypt.
b. during the Paleocene.
c. about 5 million years ago.
d. at the same time as the dinosaurs.
Homo ergaster and Homo habilis may have coexisted for almost ________ in Africa.
a. 1 million years
b. 500,000 years
c. 3 million years
d. 200,000 years
You are an expert paleontologist reviewing the work of Professor Bonefinder, who
recently discovered the remains of a primate fossil from South America. The fossil has
a long snout, a tail, and large orbits that face toward the side and are only partially
enclosed. The fossil has been securely dated to about 30 mya. Bonefinder concluded
that this fossil is a hominoid. Do you think Professor Bonefinder’s analysis is correct?
Explain your evaluation.
Why is continental drift important to our understanding of primate evolution?
a. It can facilitate speciation.
b. It can cause random changes in gene frequencies.
c. It produces adaptations.
d. It increases mutations.
The area of the brain that is most closely associated with problem solving and
behavioral flexibility is the
a. neocortex.
b. executive brain.
c. brain stem.
d. hippocampus.
Derived features of Homo heidelbergensis include
a. thin cranial bones.
b. small browridges.
c. a higher forehead.
d. a sagittal keel.
Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection?
a. Both small and large individuals survive, but medium individuals die off.
b. Only large individuals survive.
c. The proportion of small and large individuals remains the same.
d. Neither small nor large individuals survive.
If there was a human revolution, it may have been caused by a
a. cognitive adaptation such as a mutation that allowed fully modern speech.
b. population of modern humans from Africa replacing Eurasian ones.
c. hybridization of modern humans with Eurasian humans.
d. period of climate stability.
Studies of kin recognition by female rhesus monkeys suggest that
a. females had weak affinities for their maternal half sisters.
b. facial resemblance could be a cue females use to distinguish paternal half sisters.
c. females preferred agemates to maternal and paternal half sisters.
d. females preferred maternal half sisters to unrelated agemates.
Males can reduce the cost of dispersal by
a. dispersing with peers or joining all-male groups.
b. dispersing alone but staying close to their original groups.
c. dispersing at night close to other groups.
d. dispersing far from their natal group.
Which of the following increase(s) genetic variation?
a. Mutation
b. Selection
c. Recombination
d. Both a and c
Despite some confusion at present about hominin phylogeny, which of the following
statements is true?
a. Humans evolved from one of the robust australopiths.
b. Humans evolved from one of the australopithecines.
c. Humans evolved from a non-australopithecine ancestor.
d. There is not enough evidence to speculate about human ancestry.
Researchers looking for signs of recent natural selection found changes in the coding
genes that pertain to
a. hair texture.
b. morphology of the skull.
c. the immune system and affect human responses to viruses.
d. digestion and affect the metabolism of alcohol, carbohydrates, and fatty acids.
Kipsigis bridewealth is associated with
a. polyandry.
b. competition over the most eligible women.
c. marriage decisions made by brides and grooms.
d. periods of food shortage.
Environmental variation refers to
a. differences between individuals caused by environmental factors.
b. traits that are caused by the environment, not by genes.
c. traits that are caused by genes, not by the environment.
d. both a and b.
An increase in stature coincided with modernization for many groups of people. This
increase may be related to
a. less poverty.
b. more control of childhood diseases.
c. less environmental pollution.
d. both a and b.
Closely related species are more similar to each other than they are to distantly related
species for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
a. they share a more recent common ancestor than distantly related species.
b. distantly related species have had interrupted gene flow for a longer period of time.
c. distantly related species have had a longer time for independent evolution.
d. they have experienced more similar selection pressures than distantly related species.
The ability to digest lactose is controlled by
a. variation at a single locus.
b. variation at many loci.
c. factors not related to genetics.
d. a selective haplotype.