Noam Chomsky used the term adaptive strategy to describe a society’s system of
economic production.
Sociolinguistics has demonstrated that men lack the linguistic capacity to distinguish
between slight variations in color.
Cultural resource management (CRM) refers to the efforts of peripheral nations to
develop tourism focused on their cultural heritage, past and present.
According to Marx, the bourgeoisie includes people who must sell their labor to
survive.
Most English speakers recognize the phonetic contrast between the [ph] in pin and the
[p] in spin.
Voodoo dolls are used to perform contagious magic.
Diffusion plays an important role in spreading cultural traits around the world.
Most modern foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from other modern,
agricultural, and industrial societies.
Primatology is included in biological anthropology.
Ethnology is the process of living with a culture for a long time to describe that one
culture fully.
According to Malinowski, religion provides people with emotional comfort during
times of stress or uncertainty.
The transatlantic slave trade expanded to meet European demands for iron ore.
Humans use both biological and cultural means to adapt to new environments.
Modern technology plays an important role in both facilitating cultural imperialism and
resisting it.
To receive international loans, governments of developing countries have been required
to accept neoliberal principles.
The hypodescent rule occurs in most Western industrialized nations.
Agriculturalists often make use of the labor and manure of domesticated animals.
In his comparison of rural and urban communities, Redfield found that cultural
innovations spread from urban areas to rural ones.
When indigenous peoples are incorporated into modern nation-states, they usually
become ethnic minorities.
Industrialization increases mobility, which has played a major role in the decline of
extended families in the United States.
Today, many American companies are “outsourcing” jobs in order to take advantage of
cheap labor in noncore nations.
In chiefdoms, stratum endogamy ensured that only chiefs belonged to the elite social
stratum.
Racial categories in Brazil are flexible.
In rural Greece, some brides receive a wealth transfer from their mothers as a kind of
trust fund for her marriage.
According to Wallerstein, nations in the world system can be classified into three types:
core, periphery, and frontier.
Yanomami society is one of the few matriarchies that have been documented by
anthropologists.
During the liminal phase of a rite of passage, participants occupy ambiguous social
positions.
Cross-cultural studies of foraging societies indicate that women never hunt or fish.
Domestic violence against women is prevalent in patrilineal-patrilocal societies because
women are isolated from their supportive kin.
Indigenous peoples can do nothing to counter the threats to their cultural identity,
autonomy, and livelihood posed by globalization.
Development projects that use traditional social organizations and that respond to
locally perceived needs are more likely to be successful.
Deforestation is more likely to occur in a food-producing society than a foraging
culture.
The ________ is the most stable social group among band societies with a seasonal
pattern of population dispersal.
A.lineage
B.band
C.nuclear family
D.clan
E.expanded family household
“Race” is
A.based on biology, while ethnicity is based on culture.
B.only important in the United States.
C.an achieved status.
D.a scientifically defined characteristic.
E.culturally constructed.
In general, societies with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex are NOT characterized by
A.scarce resources.
B.inheritance of land and prestige through female lines.
C.a strongly developed domestic-public dichotomy.
D.male control of prestige goods.
E.increased inter-village warfare.
Cultural rights are different from human rights in that
A.human rights are real, while cultural rights are just perceived.
B.cultural rights are morally based, while human rights are methodologically based.
C.cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals.
D.cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights.
E.the term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights.
Most present-day foragers
A.primarily fish for subsistence.
B.are wholly dependent on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C.live largely in isolation from food-producing neighbors and the influence of the state.
D.live in marginal environments.
E.adopted foraging after abandoning more advanced subsistence strategies.
The “Facebook Revolution” occurred in
A.Thailand.
B.the United States.
C.Brazil.
D.Mexico.
E.China.
Biological differences between males and females, other than contrasts in breasts and
genitals, is
A.sex.
B.sexual dimorphism.
C.gender.
D.gender dimorphism.
E.sexual bifurcation.
________ refers to the blurring and breakdown of established canons (rules, standards),
categories, distinctions, and boundaries.
A.Chaos
B.Entropy
C.Postmodern
D.Agoraphobia
E.Diaspora
________ is the term for identification with, and feeling part of, a cultural group, and
exclusion from other cultural groups.
A.Culture shock
B.Ethnicity
C.Cultural relativism
D.Assimilation
E.Ethnocentrism
________ is NOT typical of state societies.
A.A primarily foraging-based subsistence strategy
B.Class stratification
C.The fixing of state boundaries
D.Intensive agriculture
E.Fiscal support
The Industrial Revolution began in
A.England.
B.China.
C.the United States.
D.Germany.
E.France.
________ is NOT one of the adaptive strategies included in Cohen’s typology.
A.Pastoralism
B.Redistribution
C.Agriculture
D.Industrialism
E.Foraging
In foraging bands, the leaders
A.retain their power by maintaining strong ties with the commoner class.
B.inherit privileged access to strategic resources.
C.maintain control by conquering foreign territories.
D.have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions.
E.are the dominant males in the largest, most powerful descent groups.
Economies are embedded in society because
A.nonindustrial producers do not partake in the results of their labor.
B.nonindustrial economies have little to do with the everyday lives of people.
C.the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with
economic aspects.
D.governments strictly regulate most nonindustrial economies.
E.most economic activity takes place far from home.
The pressurized cabin of an airplane flying at high altitude is an example of a(n)
A.genetic adaptation.
B.long-term physiological adaptation.
C.short-term physiological adaptation.
D.cultural adaptation.
E.archaeological adaptation.
When an individual gives something to someone else but expects nothing in return, this
is an example of
A.balanced reciprocity.
B.positive reciprocity.
C.negative reciprocity.
D.specialized reciprocity.
E.generalized reciprocity.
A common problem for international development projects is that they
A.lack an intervention philosophy.
B.often assume the best way to increase production and income is through
industrialization.
C.tend to use local cultural models and processes rather than the more advanced
Western models.
D.frequently make unnecessary attempts to extend indigenous lifestyles that are already
obsolete.
E.overemphasize the needs of local communities.
Define the genealogical method. Explain why it is important for anthropologists to
gather genealogical data.
Answer:Answers will vary
Which of these statements is NOT true?
A.”Specific religious beliefs and practices vary cross-culturally.”
B.”Religion can be an instrument of societal change, even revolution.”
C.”Religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain
social divisions.”
D.”Religion is a cultural universal.”
E.”State religions are presided over by full-time specialists.”
Peripheral nations
A.export to the core but not the semi-periphery.
B.lack industrialization.
C.are isolated from the world economy.
D.have economies that are shaped to serve the interests of the core.
E.have little incentive to interact with nations of the core.
Horticulture makes intensive use of
A.labor.
B.land.
C.machinery.
D.capital.
E.none of these factors of production.
The term ________ identifies ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain,
autonomous political status.
A.silent majorities
B.captive nations
C.colonies
D.nationalities
E.plural societies
________ is a key technique because kinship and marriage relationships are so
important in nonindustrial societies.
A.The life history
B.Participant observation
C.The genealogical method
D.The interview schedule
E.Network analysis
In a(n) ________, women’s status should be highest.
A.pastoral society
B.agricultural society
C.horticultural society experiencing considerable population pressure
D.tropical foraging society
E.industrial state with high unemployment
As a part of cargo cults, supernatural beings were invoked by ________ to intercedeto
kill or otherwise deflate the European big men and redistribute their wealth.
A.rites of passage
B.revitalization movements
C.syncretism
D.taboos
E.magical leveling
Incest restriction
A.only exists in societies that practice patrilocal residence.
B.is a feature of a capitalist economy.
C.does not eliminate incest.
D.has a genetic basis.
E.is not documented in classic ethnographies.
Regular shifting between “high” and “low” variants of a language is
A.displacement.
B.diglossia.
C.semantics.
D.kinesics.
E.lexicon.
________ was prominent in Polynesian chiefdoms.
A.The market principle
B.The redistribution principle
C.Generalized reciprocity
D.Balanced reciprocity
E.Negative reciprocity
________ is a cultural generality.
A.Life in groups
B.The use of fire
C.The incest taboo
D.Use of symbols
E.The nuclear family
________ diffusion takes place when two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on
one another.
A.Forced
B.Direct
C.Indirect
D.Enculturated
E.Bilateral
According to Weber, the three dimensions of social stratification are
A.means of production, mode of production, and measure of production.
B.status, exchange, and religion.
C.gender, ethnicity, and race.
D.wealth, power, and prestige.
E.age, gender, and ethnicity.
The style of ethnography in which the anthropologist puts his or her personal feelings
and reactions to the field situation into the text is
A.the ethnographic present.
B.interpretive ethnography.
C.reflexive ethnography.
D.classic ethnography.
E.holistic anthropology.
To conduct research among a group of people, the anthropologist must
A.get permission from the American Anthropological Association.
B.pay a fee to the individuals who will be interviewed.
C.inform the people about the purpose, nature, and procedures of the research and its
potential costs and benefits to them.
D.get permission from the United States’ State Department.
E.hold a PhD in anthropology.
In patrilineal societies, lobola like gifts
A.ensure the wealth of the wife.
B.ensure the wealth of the children.
C.make the children born to the woman full members of her husband’s descent group.
D.make the husband part of the wife’s descent group.
E.have little effect on descent groups.
Define a matriarchy. If anthropologists have encountered one, describe it. If not,
provide a description of the closest approximation, and compare it to a patriarchy.
Answer:Answers will vary
Define focal vocabularies, and explain why they exist.
Answer:Answers will vary
Describe how people in all societies maximize, and identify what they maximize.
Determine if maximization is a cultural universal, and explain your answer.
Answer:Answers will vary
Describe the biological features that humans share with primates and how they provide
a biological basis for cultural attributes. Define how human culture is similar to and
different from aspects of primate life.
Answer:Answers will vary
Define the term minority group and its position in the social-political hierarchy. Provide
at least three different examples.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss the major advantages and disadvantages of scientific medicine and other health
care systems. Remember to distinguish between scientific medicine and Western
medicine.
Answer:Answers will vary
Describe how people communicate without speaking.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss ways that culture can change the growth and development of an individual’s
physical body. Include at least one example.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss anthropology’s dual identity as a member of the social sciences and the
humanities. Define the advantages that may be found in this dual identity.
Answer:Answers will vary
Compare and contrast the various mechanisms of cultural change.
Answer:Answers will vary
Define adaptive strategy. Identify the five adaptive strategies in Cohen’s typology of
societies. Discuss how Cohen links economy and social features.
Answer:Answers will vary
Discuss the major differences between industrial and nonindustrial modes of
production.
Answer:Answers will vary
Define globalization two ways. Identify when each type began, and give examples of
both definitions.
Answer:Answers will vary
Analyze how socioeconomic, ethnic, and gender differences are reflected in language.
Give specific examples.
Answer:Answers will vary
Define globalization and identify the forces that are driving it. Discuss how
globalization is affecting local peoples, as well as how they are responding.
Answer:Answers will vary
List and describe at least three types of remains that archaeologists could study. Discuss
what archaeologists could learn from each type.
Answer:Answers will vary
Explore what studies of wild chimpanzees indicate about the nature of chimpanzee
hunting behavior, and describe some possible implications of this behavior for our
understanding of early hominin social organization.
Answer:Answers will vary