In which of the following ways may probation be terminated?
a. The probationer completes the period of probation.
b. Probation caseloads are so large that some probationers have their probation
terminated.
c. The probationer commits some misbehavior that warrants the probation be
terminated.
d. Both the probationer completes the period of probation and the probationer commits
some misbehavior that warrants the probation be terminated.
More prisoners serve __________ sentences in the United States than in any other
Western nation.
a. life
b. death
c. short
d. long
Which of the following seeks to avoid the consequences of formal processing?
a. Waiver
b. Adjudication
c. Diversion
d. Intermediate sanctions
The high percentage of young African American men behind bars results in their:
a. lack of earning a wage.
b. not being able to parent children.
c. not being able to support their partners.
d. all of these.
According to the authors, in the correctional system women are known as the:
a. fragile offenders.
b. minority offenders.
c. pink-collar offenders.
d. forgotten offenders.
________ of those convicted receive a community sentence such as a fine or probation.
a. two thirds
b. one half
c. one third
d. one quarter
Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a
limited caseload is known as:
a. intensive supervision program
b. .presentence investigation
c. supervision intensive program
d. individual program supervision
Corrections systems located only a few miles apart can:
a. be strikingly similar.
b. vary dramatically.
c. have much in common.
d. not vary dramatically.
Which of the following is not a formal organization?
a. General Motors
b. California State Prison at Folsom
c. The University of Iowa
d. All of these are formal organizations
The doctrine that persons having been convicted of wrongful behavior should not be
eligible for social benefits beyond the bare minimum required by law is known as the:
a. principle of minimal return.
b. principle of least benefit.
c. principle of least eligibility.
d. None of these.
Most police departments said they practiced some form of:
a. community corrections.
b. community maintenance
c. community justice.
d. community policing.
By far the most successful pretrial release program is:
a. unsecured bail.
b. percentage bail.
c. forfeit bail.
d. release on recognizance (ROR).
Recent interest in the problem of substance abuse has increased the attention given to
__________ affected by drugs and alcohol.
a. caseloads
b. communities
c. probationers
d. victims
Prisons designed to hold the “toughest of the tough” are called:
a. maximum security prisons.
b. solitary confinement.
c. custodial confinement.
d. super-max prisons.
The number of minority children with fathers in prison or jail is approximately:
a. 500,000.
b. 1 million.
c. 1.5 million.
d. 2 million.
______ asserts that a person who has infringed the rights of others deserves to be
penalized or punished.
a. Deterrence
b. Retribution
c. Incapacitation
d. Rehabilitation
The term _________refers to the desire to keep the offender from committing further
crimes.
a. reintegration
b. rehabilitation
c. incapacitation
d. retribution
a. Adds rewards and punishment, role modeling, and other teachings
b. Legal restrictions that prevent released felons from engaging in certain professions
c. Assigning types of custody and treatment
d. Emphasizes personal responsibility
e. Create environment that support prosocial behaviors
f. Focuses on changing patterns that accompany criminal behavior
g. face to face with crime’s consequences
h. Contract for prison made goods on a set price
i. treatment of the mind
j. No goods or services beyond those available to law abiding people
1) Behavior therapy
2) Confrontation therapy
3) Piece price system
4) Classification
5) Psychotherapy
6) Principle of least eligibility
7) Civil disabilities
8) Reality therapy
9) Cognitive skill building
10) Social therapy
The most experienced correctional workers have seen highly praised programs:
a. gain widespread support.
b. achieve great ends.
c. come and go.
d. fail to be implemented.
Which of the following is a release criteria used by the parole board?
a. Prior criminal record
b. Attitudes toward victims
c. History of community adjustment
d. All of these
Most prison violence which occurs on a regular basis is between inmates and
_________.
a. psychologists
b. medical personnel
c. inmates
d. guards
According to Herbert Packer, which of the following is NOT an element of
punishment?
a. an offense
b. the infliction of pain because of the commission of the offense
c. use of community justice tactics to deter the offender
d. a dominant purpose to prevent further offenses or to inflict pain on the offender
When we talk about characteristics associated with criminal offenders, we can conclude
that:
a. there is much diversity with respect to the backgrounds of prisoners.
b. on the whole, while unique differences do exist, there are still many similarities
among prisoners.
c. it is difficult (if not impossible) to make any general statements about criminal
offenders.
d. most offenders are very violent and dangerous, and as a result, deserve some form of
incarceration.
Over the past quarter century, the incarceration rate has:
a. doubled.
b. tripled.
c. quadrupled.
d. minimized.
Restorative justice sees crime as a violation against which of the following?
a. Victim and community
b. Offender and the state
c. Law and justice
d. Fairness and equity
The belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to
outweigh the pain inflicted is called:
a. utilitarianism.
b. classical criminology.
c. the Enlightenment.
d. wergild.
Which president signed The Fair Sentencing Act eliminating the mandatory minimum
sentence for simple possession of crack and powder cocaine?
a. President Obama
b. President Bush
c. President Reagan
d. President Clinton.
In other western democracies the death penalty has been:
a. streamlined.
b. impartial.
c. abolished.
d. humanitarian.
An innovative neighborhood-based approach for reducing crime and increasing public
safety is:
a. restorative justice.
b. community justice.
c. community surveillance.
d. broken windows theory.
In 2008 approximately how many juveniles were arrested?
a. 500,000
b. 1 million
c. 2.1 million
d. 2.7 million
What group(s) is/are affected by the bias that can be present in selecting who receives
intermediate sanctions over others?
a. Whites and juveniles
b. Men
c. Non-English speakers and the foreign born
d. Both non-whites and women
Referrals to juvenile court for African American males occur more than _________ the
rate for whites.
a. twice
b. five times
c. triple
d. half
The five states with the highest incarceration rates are in the:
a. Northeast.
b. West.
c. South.
d. East.
The most stringent correctional methods are applied __________ in practice.
a. fairly
b. disproportionately
c. sparingly
d. liberally
The ______amendment focuses on the right to religious freedom.
New mandatory sentencing law greatly limit the discretion of ____________with
regard to the length of sentences for certain offenses.
The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a
college education.
Inmates who are “doing time” see prison as a long term stay and continue their
criminality while incarcerated.
A majority of inmates are under 35 years old, white, low income and
_______________.
According to the authors, _____________ is when a parolee is still a responsibility of
the government.
A public official who investigates complaints against government officials and
recommends corrective measures is a(n) ____________.
Most jails in the United States hold fewer than 50 people.
Generally, mentally ill persons represent a greater risk of committing violent crimes
than the population as a whole.
___________________ was the first to implement the classification system at Elmira
Reformatory in the 1800’s.
A system in which the contractor provided prisoners with food and clothing as well as
raw materials and in some southern states prisoners were bonded to agricultural
producers to perform field labor is a ___________.
Female correctional officers only work with female inmates.
Martin and Yablonsky describe a situational offender as one who made a mistake and
paid a debt to ______ for that mistake.
The list of _________ correctional methods includes reduced caseloads, offender
counseling, family counseling, group treatment, restitutions, and offender classification.
According to the author, the incarceration rate of the _________________ill is
considerably higher than that of the general population.
___________is the release of an inmate from incarceration without any further
correctional supervision.
A continuum of sanctions is a range of correctional management strategies based on the
degree of ___________ and __________ over the offender.