In the past 10 years, the annual number of executions in the United States:
a. has remained stable.
b. has increased dramatically.
c. has decreased.
d. has dropped to almost zero.
The U.S. Supreme Court orders a lower court to send it the record of a case for review.
This is done with a:
a. subpoena.
b. writ of habeascorpus.
c. writ of ducestecum.
d. writ of certiorari.
The number of women in prisons and jails is over time.
a. remaining stable
b. decreasing steadily
c. increasing substantially
d. slowly increasing
The UCR comprises agency data that represents of the American population.
a. 95%
b. 88%
c. 76%
d. 65%
Case 5-2
Officer Torres is new to the police force. She was the top of her class in the police
academy and received positive feedback from her field training officer. She has been on
the job for approximately 1 year and has soon realized that working as a police officer
is very different from what they learned in the police academy.
Officer Torres believes that she is suffering from burnout and feels that there are many
stressors that are causing this. Which would NOTbe considered a common stressor for
law enforcement officers?
a. fear of being a victim of violent crime
b. the need to comply with the law in nearly every job action
c. lack of community support
d. positive media coverage
The held that institutions should offer a variety of programs and therapies to cure
inmates of their “ills,”
whatever their root causes.
a. congregate system
b. medical model
c. separate confinement system
d. supermax system
According to Sherman, in the first stage of moral decline of a police officer, the officer:
a. accepts minor gratuities.
b. may force another party to pay for unwanted police services.
c. no longer passively accepts bribes.
d. takes in large amounts of money through involvement in drugs, gambling, or
prostitution organizations.
Sentencing guidelines require judges to determine a defendant’s sentencing using:
a. a list of statutorily created criminal sentences.
b. a sentencing grid.
c. a presentence investigation report.
d. the prosecutor’s recommendation.
Law enforcement officers are not allowed to access cell phone records of those
locations without a warrant to trace the movement of suspects.
a. True
b. False
These officers perform maintenance and security functions in workshop and educational
programs.
a. Block officers
b. Industrial shop and school officers
c. Work detail supervisors
d. Yard officers
When authorities do attempt to revoke parole for a technical violation, they must not
provide the parolee with a revocation hearing and counsel to represent the parolee.
a. True
b. False
Each jurisdiction has its own bail tariffs.
a. True
b. False
An indictment is the formal charge against the accused issued by the prosecutor after a
preliminary hearing.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is true regarding the concept of double jeopardy?
a. If a jury finds the accused not guilty, the prosecution has the right to appeal the
verdict.
b. It guarantees that once exonerated, a defendant cannot be tried a second time for the
same offense in that particular jurisdiction.
c. A defendant can be retried a maximum of three times for the same criminal offense
before the prosecution must rest.
d. The protection against double jeopardy can be found in the Sixth Amendment of the
U.S. Constitution.
Case 13-1
Donovan is 16 years old. He has been getting into trouble at school and not listening to
his parents at home. He is also hanging out with a new group of kids in the
neighborhood. His parents are growing frustrated with his antics. They finally called the
police when it was 2 a.m. and he had not returned home.
The judge in Donovan’s case decides to place him in the temporary custody of a secure
facility before the
adjudicatory process begins. This placement is referred to as:
a. intake.
b. pretrial diversion.
c. transfer to adult court.
d. detention.
A reactive approach to policing that emphasizes a speedy response to calls for service
is:
a. community policing.
b. directed policing.
c. problem-oriented policing.
d. incident-driven policing.
The most common way for someone to become a detective is to:
a. attend graduate school in criminal justice.
b. attend specialized training in the field.
c. earn an undergraduate college degree.
d. be promoted from patrol officer.
Laws differ across states.
a. True
b. False
Case 12-2
Officer Hernandez has been working for the correctional system for 5 years. As a
custodial officer he has performed almost every job inside the prison walls. He is well
respected by the inmates and his fellow officers. Officer Hernandez found out that there
is an opportunity to be promoted. He studies for the exam and reviews all the policies
and duties for the employees at the correctional institution.
Officer Hernandez is applying to be promoted to sergeant. If he gets the promotion what
will his main duties consist of?
a. He will deal with the warden on custodial issues.
b. He will be responsible for policing and transporting the inmates.
c. He will oversee the platoons of officers in specific parts of the prison.
d. He will supervise inmates in their cell blocks.
The Court banned laws in 28 states that made life-without-parole sentences mandatory
for juveniles convicted of murder.
a. True
b. False
Case 13-2
Jacob was arrested and charged with manslaughter. He is 17 years old and has never
been in trouble with the law. He ended up fighting back against a school bully. The
bully started attacking Jacob and Jacob fought back by throwing a book at the bully’s
head. The book hit the bully causing him to fall to the ground. When he fell to the
ground he hit his head extremely hard and as a result he died. Jacob is concerned that
his case may be transferred to the adult criminal court system.
Jacob’s case ends up remaining in the juvenile court system. The judge adjudicates
Jacob delinquent for the offense of manslaughter. The next step is for the judge to
decide the appropriate punishment for Jacob. This stage is known as the:
a. adjudicatory hearing.
b. disposition hearing.
c. predisposition hearing.
d. transfer hearing.
Which would NOT be considered to be a reason for violent behavior in prisons?
a. A reputation for violence may lead an inmate to become a target of assault.
b. It enhances self-image in an environment that does not respect other attributes, such
as intelligence.
c. In the case of rape, it gives sexual relief.
d. It serves as a means of acquiring material goods through extortion or outright
robbery.
As a circumstance of murder, means that the offender considered the crime beforehand.
a. deliberation
b. passion
c. premeditation
d. spontaneity
are public civil officers or officials with limited judicial authority within a particular
geographic area.
What are criminological theories primarily concerned with?
a. assisting the criminal justice professional
b. constructing grounds to explain the behavior of criminal justice professionals
c. determining the reasons behind criminal behavior
d. providing support to criminal psychologists
In some instances criminal law can be determined by a powerful minority.
a. True
b. False
The “dark figure of crime” appears to be:
a. much higher than suggested by the data of the UCR.
b. much lower than suggested by the data of the UCR.
c. slightly lower than suggested by the data of the UCR.
d. consistent by the UCR.
During intake, an official of the juvenile court must decide, in effect, what to do with
the offender.
a. True
b. False
The process in which the juvenile judge, based on the facts of the case at hand, decides
that the alleged offender should be transferred to adult court is a(n):
a. automatic transfer.
b. judicial waiver.
c. legislative waiver.
d. prosecutorial waiver.
In the courtroom workgroup, who is responsible for maintaining security and order in
the judge’s chambers and in the courtroom?
a. bailiff
b. clerk of court
c. court reporter
d. prosecutor
A(n) is the process by which police examine a person or property to find evidence that
will be used to prove guilt in a criminal trial.
a. arrest
b. frisk
c. search
d. stop
As elected officials who do not necessarily need a background in law enforcement,
modern sheriffs resemble their counterparts from the of policing in many ways.
a. community era
b. reform era
c. political era
d. professional era
Any circumstance accompanying the commission of a crime that may justify a lighter
sentence is known as a(n)
____.
a. aggravating circumstance
b. conviction circumstance
c. mitigating circumstance
d. real circumstance
Each year, more than persons leave prison and return to the community. a. 200,000
b. 300,000
c. 650,000
d. 1,000,000
A prisoner today is much more likely to have been incarcerated on a drug charge or
immigration violation than was the case in the 1980s.
a. True
b. False
How do differential response strategies enable police departments to respond more
efficiently to 911 calls?
hold those convicted of minor crimes with relatively short sentences.
refers to conduct that would be criminal if committed by an adult.
Discretionary decisions made by criminal justice professionals are said to produce an
that does not operate within the rigid confines of formal rules and laws.
combine probation with other dispositions such as electronic monitoring, house arrest,
boot camps, and shock incarceration.
Explain some of the reasons why sentencing reform has occurred.
The most frequent exception to the warrant requirement involves searches .
The Furman v. Georgia(1972) case resulted in a two-stage, or , procedure for capital
cases.
Explain the dual court system of the United States.
consists of the rules, orders, and decisions of regulatory agencies.
In a civil court, the legal responsibility for one’s own or another’s actions is called .
A usually contains information concerning the respondent’s family background, the
facts surrounding the delinquent act, and interviews with social workers, teachers, and
other important figures in the child’s life.
is a defense for criminal liability that asserts a lack of criminal responsibility due to
mental instability.
Discuss the concept of federalism and how it affects the organization and structure of
the criminal justice system.
Discuss at least three other important court decisions ruling on juvenile court
procedures.