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For fear of being sued, governmental agencies rarely keep records that document their
actions and areas of responsibility.
a. True
b. False
Open Coding is also defined as:
a. brainstorming
b. data reduction
c. ground theory
d. qualitative note taking
An Internet Search is good for getting ideas about potential research topics when:
a. specialized tools are used
b. All the time
c. Internet searches are not good, book bound journals are better
d. when you are late on an assignment
UCR data suffers from:
a. clerical problem
b. data processing problem
c. political problem
d. all of the above
What role do environmental surveys play in field research?
a. they seek to assess overall environment of an area without concern for who lives
there
b. they have been very instructive in the area of problem-oriented policing
c. they are limited to strategies for surveying the people who live in the area
d. they have been instructive in the area of understanding the values of the citizens of an
area
Social artifacts refer only to paper documents, such as newspapers, court opinions and
police crime reports.
a. True
b. False
In a general sense, external validity is concerned with whether research findings from
one study can be
a. exhaustingly conclusive
b. reproduced in another study, often under different conditions
c. reproduced in another study, often under the same conditions
d. validated by the National Academy to Advance Scientific Learning
Cluster sampling is a very efficient tool, but the efficiency means a less accurate sample
since with each cluster there is a chance for sampling error.
a. True
b. False
When we find any discrepancy between the assumed independence of variables in a
population and the observed distribution of sample elements, we can explain that
discrepancy how?
a. we attribute the discrepancy to the nonprobability sample alone
b. the discrepancy can be the result of poor data collection
c. we attribute the discrepancy to an unrepresentative sample causing us to reject the
assumption of independence
d. we attribute the discrepancy to poor sample selection and to poor operational
definitions of the main variables
Bias in questions can be established in which of the following ways?
a. questions that encourage particular responses
b. identify the name of either a prestigious or unpopular agency in the question
c. identify the name of either a prestigious or unpopular person in the question
d. all of the above
It is often said that social science is inherently probabilistic. What is meant by that?
a. social sciences are probably hard to study
b. the best that can be said of findings is that they are more or less likely to occur, never
with certainty
c. researchers can reduce the probability of findings being wrong to zero
d. if the independent and dependent variables are truly causal one can be certain of the
results
Measures of crime are said to be selective. In what way is the ADAM program selective
as a measure of drug use?
a. it operated in a relatively small number of cities
b. it includes only arrested persons
c. it includes voluntary interviews and testing
d. all of the above
Professor Smith is studying attitudes toward gun control and plans to assess support for
firearms registration by determining whether or not her research subjects say they
would travel to countries where the possession of unlicensed guns is legal. Her critics
argue that this measure lacks:
a. face validity
b. construct validity
c. convergent validity
d. criterion-related validity
Participants are usually reluctant to participate in research studies when:
a. they aren"t being paid
b. they do not know what is being done with the results
c. they feel threatened in someway
d. none of the answers are correct
Which of the following best defines conceptualization of a research process:
a. the manner in which variables are defined
b. how a population is decided upon
c. the specific analytic structure used for a study
d. the initial concept used for a study
What is the final step in the traditional model of science?
a. operationalization
b. theory development
c. data collection
d. observation
Before creating an interview schedule, a researcher ought to:
a. know who he/she is studying
b. create an outline
c. decided on the format of questions to use
d. all of the answers are correct
When it is not possible to create groups through randomization, what options do you
have for the research design?
a. a classical experiment
b. non-equivalent groups
c. surveys
d. pre and post tests
Which of the following is important to remember when using agency records?
a. to ask permission before you study any agency data
b. to examine the data through some form of content analysis
c. the financial considerations of obtaining complete agency records are typically
substantial
d. the discretionary actions by criminal justice officials and others can affect the
production of agency records
If the independent variable is the cause then the dependant variable is the:
a. reason
b. description
c. fallacy
d. effect
Essentially, an experiment examines the effect of:
a. the world we live in
b. modern science
c. an independent variable on a dependent variable
d. science on sociology
What type of study attempts to account for errors in drawing a sample by measuring the
same people on two or more occasions?
a. cohort study
b. panel study
c. trend study
d. cross-sectional study
The study of food-buying habits where researchers were interested in learning whether
people who drank wine ate
healthier foods than people who drank beeris a good example of:
a. research exhaustiveness
b. face validity
c. interrater reliability
d. split-half method
The keystone of inquiry is observation.
a. True
b. False
Federal regulations require special provisions for all of the following categories of
subjects, except one. The one not covered is:
a. elderly
b. juveniles
c. prisoners and juveniles
d. prisoners
In most cases the following months should be avoided when mailing questionnaires:
a. June, July, August
b. November, December, January
c. March, April, May
d. September, October, November
Which of the following is not a type of validity?
a. internal
b. external
c. concept
d. statistical conclusion
Following the model of London, England Center City, USA decided to install closed
circuit television (CCTV) cameras in a downtown park in hopes of reducing the public's
fear of crime. Which technique would be the best choice to determine if fear has in fact
decreased?
a. send out a questionnaire to all citizens living in Center City, USA
b. select, via simple random sampling, 20 citizens to interview
c. interview, via reliance on available subjects, citizens that are in the park
d. because you want to measure a "feeling" there is no accurate way to do this
If the standard deviation is zero, we can conclude that:
a. there is dispersion in the data
b. the mean is a good measure of the average
c. the data are heterogeneous
d. the mean will be zero
Sources of distinction between "right and "wrong" include:
a. religion
b. political ideology
c. pragmatic observations of successes and failures
d. all of the above
Mental images of serious crime may vary among individuals depending on their
backgrounds and experiences.
a. True
b. False
The majority of survey research is conducted using this type of interview schedule:
a. structured
b. semi-structured
c. unstructured
d. random
The Humphrey's study involved
a. participant observation involving human deviance
b. participant observation in a laboratory setting
c. observation of prison inmates in a maximum security setting
d. participation in parole activities
Which of the following is not correct concerning structured field interviews?
a. the researcher can change the order in which questions are asked
b. the researcher can use follow up questions to clarify an earlier prepared question
c. the researcher must stick to the questions prepared prior to the interview
d. ask questions in a manner that always keeps the subject on target, and not wandering
to areas of no interest to the researcher
With respect to sampling in field studies, which of the following is least accurate?
a. field studies can use only non-probability samples
b. field studies can use only probability samples
c. field studies primarily use non-probability samples
d. field studies can be accomplished by using probability and non-probability samples
