The children of your father’s sister are called your cross cousins.
The U.S. government continues to subsidize its own corn farmers, who otherwise would
go out of business.
Most band and tribal societies in the world today are completely cut off from the rest of
the world.
Institutional discrimination happens when institutions rather than individuals are the
targets of discrimination.
Stratum endogamy is restricted to chiefdoms, wherein chiefs occupied a formal elite
stratum in society.
Host countries that emphasize assimilation tend to encourage minority ethnic groups to
retain their identities.
The seeds of industrial society were planted well before the 18th century. For example,
a knitting machine invented in England in 1589 was so far ahead of its time that it
played a profitable role in factories two and three centuries later.
In Japan, the burakumin represent an isolated breeding population that is genetically
distinct from the rest of the country.
Polyandry is common and practiced under a wide range of conditions.
Communitas is the strong feeling of collective unity shared by individuals at the core of
a society who define themselves in opposition to the society’s liminal members.
Neolocal postmarital residence rules require newly married couples to establish their
own residence.
In Latin America, the drive by indigenous peoples for self-identification has
emphasized their autochthony, with an implicit call for excluding strangers from their
communities.
The Bahia, Brazil, development project in which loans were given to fishing-boat
owners is an example of how some development projects can actually widen wealth
disparities instead of increasing equity.
The idea of universal and inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and
ethics of any one culture can conflict with some of the ideas central to cultural
relativism.
A plural society is the opposite of a society that forces groups to assimilate.
According to Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault, it is easier and more effective to
dominate people in their minds than to try to control their bodies.
Once an individual has been enculturated, that person must adhere to the cultural rules
that govern that culture.
In most foraging societies, private ownership of bounded land has been almost
nonexistent.
Longitudinal research is the long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or
other unit, usually based on repeated visits.
Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to
clear land.
While cultural abilities have a biological basis, they do not have an evolutionary basis.
Deforestation helps cool the planet by allowing more sunlight to be reflected back into
space.
Appreciating art involves an aesthetic appreciation of form as well as feeling.
Weber argued that the only true capitalists were Protestants, and people who believed in
any other faith could never fully mature as capitalists.
According to the principle of linguistic relativity, all languages and dialects are equally
effective as systems of communication.
Many of the political, linguistic, religious, and economic distinctions among the
countries of West Africa today are artifacts of colonialism.
A bifurcate merging kinship terminology distinguishes between collateral and lineal
relatives.
A new view of early human origins suggests that the emergence of a pair bond between
male and female would have allowed humans to recognize their relatives.
Modern means of transportation and communication have facilitated the process of
globalization.
Since bands lack formalized law, they have no way of settling disputes.
Sapir and Whorf argued that all humans share a single set of universal grammatical
categories.
The Industrial Revolution did not begin in France, because the French domestic
manufacturing system could produce satisfactorily without innovating.
Age grades represent stages in one’s life with specific tasks, obligations, and duties for
the individuals in a given grade.
The only chance for human racial classification schemes to work is to shift from using
phenotypic to genotypic characteristics of human populations.
U.S. kinship calculation is bilateral, traced equally through males and females; for
example, father and mother.
In the United States, attitudes regarding the role of women in the workplace have varied
according to economic needs.
Diseases that spread from animals to humans are known as zoonotic diseases.
In foraging societies, gender stratification was most marked when men contributed
much more to the diet than women did.
Which is the key assumption in Claude Lvi-Strauss’s structuralism?
A.All myths can be classified as either good or evil.
B.The human propensity to classify phenomena in certain ways is acquired through
enculturation.
C.There is a very specific role for human agency in culture, and the structure of cultural
patterns determines that role.
D.Cultural patterns determine the human propensity to classify things in certain ways.
E.Human minds have certain universal characteristics that originate in common features
of the Homo sapiens brain and lead people everywhere to think similarly regardless of
their society or cultural background.
Why does exogamy, the practice of seeking a husband or wife outside one’s own kin
group, have adaptive value outside of biological concerns?
A.It increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic
expression and thus be eliminated from the population.
B.It creates new social ties and alliances, providing access to more resources and social
networks.
C.It impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population
expansion.
D.It was an important causal factor in the origin of social stratification.
E.Exogamy is not adaptive; it is just a cultural construction.
Recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrate that
A.the gender roles of men and women are largely determined by their biological
capabilitiesrelative strength, endurance, intelligence, and so on.
B.women are subservient in nearly all societies, because their subsistence activities
contribute much less to the total diet than do those of men.
C.foraging, horticultural, pastoral, and industrial societies all have similar attitudes
toward sex but different attitudes toward gender.
D.changes in the gender roles of men and women are usually associated with social
decay and anarchy.
E.the relative status of women is variable, depending on such factors as the type of
subsistence strategy employed, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a
domestic-public dichotomy.
The techniques that anthropologists have used to analyze myth and folktales can be
extended to two popular films in American culture, The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars.
Which of the following would NOT be a part of such an analysis revealing the
similarities between the two films?
A.Star Wars is a systematic structural transformation of The Wizard of Oz.
B.In both movies, fairy-tale heroes are often accompanied on their adventures by
secondary characters who personify the virtues needed for a successful quest.
C.Both films focus on the child’s relationship with the parent of the same sex, dividing
that parent into three parts.
D.Both heroes use magic to accomplish their goals.
E.Confirming Lvi-Strauss’s analysis of myths around the world, these movies have
many secondary cultural references that only cultured audiences are able to perceive
and appreciate.
A key feature of language that helps explain anthropologists’ continued interest in
studying it is that it
A.enables us to compare human and nonhuman primate linguistic grammars.
B.tells us a lot about the present, although nothing about the past.
C.is always changing.
D.helps them distinguish between the more and less evolved human races.
E.rarely changes, so it provides a good window into linguistic uses of the past.
A cross-cultural study that systematically compared romantic love in many cultures
found
A.that while people everywhere know what love is, they experience it differently.
B.evolutionary evidence for romantic love in all societies surveyed.
C.a rise in love matches over arranged marriages in industrialized societies, but the
opposite trend in nonindustrialized societies.
D.a scholarly bias throughout the social sciences that views romantic love as a luxury in
human life, especially in academia.
E.evidence that romantic love may be a universal, although romantic love and marriage
do not necessarily go together.
Periphery nations
A.export to the core but not to the semiperiphery.
B.lack industrialization.
C.are isolated from the world economy.
D.have economies that disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core.
E.have little incentive to interact with nations of the core.
The American Anthropological Association has formally acknowledged a public service
role by recognizing that anthropology has which two dimensions?
A.academic anthropology and applied anthropology
B.ethnology and public ethnography
C.cultural resource management and medical anthropology
D.private anthropology and public anthropology
E.applied anthropology and practicing anthropology
Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and U.S. racial
taxonomies?
A.Brazilians do not recognize racial differences.
B.U.S. categories are purer than Brazilian categories.
C.There are no important differences between the two taxonomies.
D.In the United States, social race is determined at birth and does not change, but in
Brazil race is flexible and more of an achieved status.
E.Brazilian racial categories are based on genotype, whereas U.S. categories are based
on phenotype.
What term refers to the ideological justification for outsiders to guide native groups in
specific directions?
A.development ideology
B.intervention philosophy
C.coercive philosophy
D.development philosophy
E.intrusive ideology
Which of the following is ego’s cross cousin?
A.MBS (mother’s brother’s son)
B.FBS (father’s brother’s son)
C.MZD (mother’s sister’s daughter)
D.FBD (father’s brother’s daughter)
E.MZS (mother’s sister’s son)
Which of the following is a reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice
production was successful?
A.Malagasy leaders were of “the people” and were therefore prepared to follow the
descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole.
B.The elites and the lower class were of different origins and thus had no strong
connections through kinship, descent, or marriage.
C.There is a clear fit between capitalist development schemes and corporate
descent-group social organization.
D.The project took into account the inevitability of native forms of social organization
breaking down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation.
E.The educated members of Malagasy society are those who have struggled to fend for
themselves and therefore brought an innovative kind of independence to the project.
Traditionally, in some areas of the former Yugoslavia, several nuclear families were
embedded in an extended family household called a zadruga. Among the Nayar in
southern India, it was typical for people to live in matrilineal extended family
compounds called tarawads. Descriptions of these two culturally specific cases
highlight how
A.children who grow up in stable kin groups are better off than those who don’t.
B.the nuclear family is the only stable kin group arrangement.
C.nuclear families are extremely rare in terms of living arrangements.
D.extended family households are an adaptive strategy to extreme poverty.
E.there are many alternatives to the nuclear family.
Which of the following illustrates some of the dangers of the old applied anthropology?
A.anthropologists promoting the study of their field among university undergraduates
B.anthropologists practicing participant observation and taking photographs of
ritualistic behavior
C.Robert Redfield’s work on the contrasts between urban and rural communities
D.anthropologists collaborating with nongovernmental organizations in the 1980s
E.anthropologists aiding colonial expansion by providing ethnographic information to
colonists
Which of the following terms refers to the theoretical paradigm that holds that customs
(social practices) function to preserve the social structure?
A.the Manchester school
B.synchronic functionalism
C.configurationalism, as illustrated in the works of Benedict and Mead
D.Panglossian structuralism
E.structural functionalism, as illustrated in the work of Radcliffe-Brown and
Evans-Pritchard
Which of the following is an example of a rule of endogamy?
A.a taboo on marrying members of the same totemic group
B.the Nazi law forbidding Aryans from marrying anyone but other Aryans
C.a taboo against marrying within the same village
D.a taboo on mating with members of one’s extended family
E.the incest taboo
The presence and acceptance of which of the following is one of the key distinguishing
features of a state?
A.gender differences in terms of access to resources
B.generosity, even at the fiscal level
C.rapport between the elites and commoners
D.stratification
E.the authority of charismatic leaders
People are usually willing to change just enough to maintain, or slightly improve on,
what they already have. For this reason, development projects are most likely to
succeed when they avoid the fallacy of
A.cultural relativism.
B.ethno-bias.
C.overinnovation.
D.underdifferentiation.
E.intervention philosophy.
Kinship terminology is a classification system, a taxonomy or typology. More generally,
a taxonomic system
A.is based on how people perceive similarities and differences in the things being
classified.
B.is accurate only when based on Western science.
C.is based on categories given by nature.
D.usually changes with every generation.
E.applies best to nonliving things.
Which of the following is true about rites of passage?
A.Beliefs and rituals can, ironically, both diminish and create anxiety and a sense of
insecurity and danger.
B.Despite their prevalence during the time that Victor Turner did his research, rites of
passage have disappeared with the advent of modern life.
C.Participants in rites of passage only are tricked into believing that there was a big
change in their lives.
D.Rites of passage only worsen the anxieties caused by other aspects of religion.
E.Rites of passage would be effective in diminishing anxiety and fear if they did not
involve the liminal phase.
In states, how is art typically defined?
A.If something is mass produced, it cannot be art.
B.State societies rely heavily on critics, judges, and experts to make these decisions.
C.Only things intentionally created as art can be called art.
D.Only artists create art.
E.If it is expensive, it is art.
In anthropology, history, and literature, the field of postcolonial studies has gained
prominence since the 1970s. Postcolonial refers to
A.the study of the interactions between European nations and the societies they
colonized.
B.the period succeeding the slave trade.
C.a moral stance toward oppressed peoples.
D.the study of social movements that, instead of rejecting colonialism, actually
embraced it and transformed it for their own benefit.
E.an up-and-coming subfield in sociology.
The study of television’s behavioral effects in Brazil illustrates all of the following
EXCEPT
A.how investigators must carefully choose between a qualitative or quantitative data
model.
B.how the scientific method is not limited to ethnology but applies to any
anthropological endeavor that formulates research questions and gathers or uses
systematic data to test hypotheses.
C.the value of cross-cultural research, which in this case enables the researchers to
distinguish the effects of years of TV exposure and other changes associated with aging.
D.how anthropological studies may deal with several research questions.
E.the challenges researchers often face when determining whether they are observing
effects or correlations in their findings.
When compared to other kinds of societies, all the following are true about foragers
EXCEPT that
A.the public and private spheres are least separate.
B.hierarchy is least marked.
C.when gathering is prominent, gender status tends to be more equal.
D.sexual promiscuity is most common and routinely punished.
E.the rights, activities, and spheres of influence of men and women overlap the most.
Which of the following statements about irrigation is NOT true?
A.Irrigated fields typically increase in value through time.
B.Irrigation is one of the defining characteristics of foraging societies.
C.Irrigation usually enriches the soil.
D.The Betsileo of Madagascar used irrigation intensively.
E.Irrigation fields are labor intensive compared to swidden (burned over) fields.
What is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of native life?
A.representative sample
B.etic informant
C.key cultural consultant
D.biased informant
E.life-history approach specialist
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of band-organized societies?
A.an egalitarian social structure
B.all related by kinship or marriage
C.fewer than 100 people
D.permanent villages
E.minor contrasts in prestige
What term refers to languages that have descended from the same ancestral language?
A.F2 languages
B.sibling languages
C.daughter languages
D.brother languages
E.protolanguages
What is the term for the study of the music of the world and of music as an aspect of
culture?
A.acoustic anthropology
B.harmonic anthropology
C.tonal anthropology
D.ethnomusicology
E.sociomusicology
The view that each element of culture, such as the culture trait or trait complex, has its
own distinctive history, and that social forms (such as totemism in different societies)
that might look similar are not comparable because of their different histories, is known
as
A.historical particularism.
B.cultural generalism.
C.the Boasian approach.
D.structural functionalism.
E.comparative functionalism.
All of the following are proper roles for applied anthropologists EXCEPT
A.identifying the needs for change that local people perceive.
B.working with people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change.
C.placing the cultural values of local people above all others’ cultural values.
D.protecting local people from harmful policies and projects that might threaten them.
E.working as participant observers, taking part in the events they study in order to
understand local thought and behavior.
Which of the following was observed in the Bahia, Brazil, development project in
which sailboat owners got loans to buy motors, as described in this chapter?
A.Ambitious young men increasingly sought wage labor.
B.The fishing community became more egalitarian.
C.There was an increase in commercial sailboat ownership.
D.The price of power fishing vessels decreased.
E.Individual initiative was rewarded, and the fishing industry grew.