The Miranda warning must be given
a. whenever a suspect is in custody
b. once probable cause is determined
c. at the moment of arrest
d. before questioning
The research studies discussed in this chapter have provided information on
a. the prevalence of criminality and seriousness of offending
b. the onset and desistance of criminal careers
c. the persistence and desistance of criminal careers
d. the frequency of offending and career length
The most widely used rehabilitation program in the criminal justice system is
a. aging out
b. probation
c. boot camp
d. reentry
The usefulness of fingerprints in solving crimes is indicated by what factual evidence?
a. New York City police obtain usable prints in only about 10 percent of all burglaries
b. suspects in Long Beach, CA are identified through fingerprints in 75% of cases
c. the FBI database contains fingerprints of only 200 million individuals
d. fingerprints have only increased the clearance rate from 12% to 15%
A ‘social ledger” for incarceration would include
a. a list of the races and religions of all people who have been incarcerated
b. the impact on people who are stopped and frisked illegally
c. a discussion of liberal vs. conservative ideology
d. an explanation of the way in which criminal justice policy unfairly harms minorities
The impact of crime victims’ laws and programs can be evaluated from three different
perspectives: impact on the crime victims, impact on the CJS, and
a. psychological effects on the victims
b. impact on offenders’ sentencing
c. crime reduction
d. impact on community-police relationships
Select from the following the most accurate statement.
a. the typical case gets an average of about 40 hours of detective work
b. detectives solved 86 percent of cases where a suspect was immediately identified and
cleared an additional 12 percent through fingerprints, blood samples and hair specimens
c. between 80 and 90 percent of all arrests are made by detectives instead of patrol
officers
d. between 60 and 80 percent of all arrests are made by patrol officers instead of
detectives
The Kansas City Gun Experiment seems to suggest that
a. conservatives are right in their suggestion that guns don”t kill people, people kill
people
b. liberals are right in their suggestion that guns kill people
c. tough mandatory sentences can deter offenders from using guns in the commission of
crime
d. a focused program to remove guns from the streets can reduce gun-related crime
Laws that seek to get tough on offenders convicted of using guns
a. are supported by both crime victims and liberals
b. are popular as most states have them
c. are the only realistic policies for reducing gun-related crime
d. are the only laws that do not violate Second Amendment rights
Evaluations of intensive probation supervision programs find
a. lower rates of recidivism
b. higher rates of recidivism
c. lower rates of technical violations
d. higher rates of technical violations
The impact of the exclusionary rule
a. is pervasive considering the fact that 80% of school children recognize it
b. ranges from 48-90% of cases
c. is stronger in violent cases but is more limited in cases of property crime
d. is limited because few motions to suppress physical evidence are made and even
fewer are successful
Walker argues that the problem is that our system is
a. too lenient c. both too lenient and too severe
b. too severe d. neither too lenient or too severe
If the purpose of electronic monitoring is to control offenders, it is a _____(1)_____,
but if the purpose is to reintegrate offenders into the community, it is a _____(2)_____.
a. (1) success (2) success
c. (1) failure (2) success
b. (1) success (2) failure
d. (1) failure (2) failure
Research on drug use and drug convictions shows that
a. minorities are far more likely to use drugs and to be convicted for that use
b. racial patterns in drug use correlate closely with racial patterns in drug convictions
c. drug convictions in the U.S. correspond with racial patterns of drug use at a state
level, but not at the federal level
d. racial patterns in arrest are not consistent with evidence on drug use
One of the problems with gun control strategies like the Brady Bill is that
a. enforcement of them requires serious intrusions on the part of the government
b. it places stricter regulations on licensed dealers, but regulations are already strict
c. few offenders obtain weapons from regulated retail outlet stores
d. there are not enough laws of this type to be effective on a large scale
Advocates of sex offender registration and notification laws believe
a. the laws will help police arrest and keep an eye on the sex offenders
b. surveillance will deter sex offenders
c. sex offenders reoffend at a high rate
d. all of the above
Today, how common are written policies on domestic violence in police departments?
a. they are still quite uncommon
b. they are common in urban areas, but rare in rural areas
c. they are nearly universal
d. they are common in “liberal” states, but rare in “conservative” states
Historical examples where the criminal law was used to control wanted products or
services show us that
a. this is an effective way to change behavior
b. it does not eliminate the prohibited behavior and may cause more harm than good
c. the criminal justice system does a better job changing behavior than public health
agencies
d. most prohibited behaviors are considered immoral by the majority of Americans
Operation Cease Fire
a. enforced a ban on gun possession in New York City
b. attempted to reduce gun violence and gun-related homicide in Boston
c. was an attempt to intensively enforce gun laws in Chicago
d. was a liberal gun control strategy in Washington, D.C.
Sex offender registration and notification laws pose a number of consequences, among
them are
a. the inclusion of persons who commit public order crimes, such as exposure and
prostitution
b. limiting the areas where registered sex offenders can live and impact the availability
of treatment
c. the failure to protect society from sex offenders given how they meet victims
d. all of the above
A study of parole hearings in Pennsylvania found that victim impact statements
a. had an insignificant effect on the chances of an offender being paroled
b. had a very significant effect on the chances of an offender being paroled
c. slightly increased the chance of a property offender being paroled
d. had no effect on the chances of a sex offender being paroled
The most important strategy for improving police-citizen encounters is
a. to reduce escalation
b. to reduce the impression of racial disparity
c. to reduce police use of deadly force and excessive physical force
d. to improve the police’s treatment of women, particularly in domestic violence
incidents
The various state court systems
a. are uniform in their procedures
b. vary in criminal laws and their punishments
c. clearly follow federal guidelines for criminal punishment
d. maintain uniform criminal laws, but vary in their punishments
The evidence shows that the legitimacy of agencies in the criminal justice system
a. can be changed only through serious public relations campaigns
b. is impervious to attempts to change
c. can be built and maintained
d. has eroded to the point that it cannot be redeemed
Liberals and conservatives generally disagree on their preference for crime-control
measures. Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes their
respective preferences?
a. liberals prefer shaming while conservatives prefer reintegration
b. conservatives prefer retribution and deterrence while liberals prefer rehabilitation
c. liberals prefer general deterrence while conservatives prefer specific deterrence
d. conservatives prefer prevention while liberals prefer punishment
The three issues regarding the merits of the death penalty are morality, constitutionality
and ________.
a. rationality
b. severity
c. deterrence
d. relevance
By the 1980s public support for preventive detention
a. Was justified by a string of serial killers on the loose
b. had declined
c. Was widespread
d. the public has never supported preventive detention
The insanity defense has been misinterpreted and abused by
a. defendants
b. the courtroom work group
c. the public
d. politicians and journalists
Research on citizen complaint procedures have found that
a. it results in satisfaction on both sides
b. its effectiveness is mixed
c. it results in satisfaction on one side only
d. it improves the legitimacy of the police
The most significant area of conflict between the criminal law and the changing values
of U.S. society is
a. U.S. drug policy
b. police treatment of minor offenders
c. sentencing laws
d. public disorder crimes
Compare and contrast the Crime Commission’s model with the wedding cake model of
criminal justice administration.
While crime rates are down, most criminologists feel that this is a statistical artifact
rather than a genuine decline.
Defend the claim that the death penalty does not produce a deterrent effect.
Incarceration strategies seek to limit the discretion of judges who are viewed by
conservatives as lenient bleeding hearts.
Crackdowns are an effective strategy that deters drunk driving for a long period of time.
Public hysteria over drugs and drug-related crime prevents sensible discussion of
policy.
Describe the drug policies emphasized by hawks, owls and doves.
Identifying and selectively incapacitating chronic offenders was difficult before the
evidence-based policy movement but has since become much easier.
Both conservatives and liberals are critical of parole.
Describe the theoretical underpinnings and the basic operating principles of community
crime control.
Compare and contrast the various strategies that seek to ban guns and assess if each
reduces crimes.
Intensive probation/parole supervision programs rest on a flawed assumption that
increasing the intensity of supervision would enhance program effectiveness.
Federal funding for victim compensation programs are derived from fines and
forfeitures and have specific documentation procedures.
Research conducted by the Urban Institute found that many parolees had no health care
and were not employed four to eight months after release.
The odds of going to prison for murder, burglary, and larceny are much higher in the
U.S. compared to England, Canada, and West Germany.
Mandatory sentencing, such as three strikes and sentencing guidelines, is not an
effective means of reducing serious crime.
Evaluate the argument that faith-based treatment programs are more effective in
reducing crime than secular treatment programs.
Explain how mandatory sentencing laws are affected by courtroom work groups.
Crackdowns are a modern innovative policing strategy that are focused and draw on
partnerships with noncriminal justice agencies.
GBMI is more a symbolic gesture than an effective reform of the system for mentally ill
offenders.