A contribution of behavior therapy is that:
a. it provides a plausible explanation of personality development.
b. it focuses on insight.
c. it emphasizes freedom, choice, and deciding.
d. it is a pragmatic approach based on experimental validation of the results.
Which of the following approaches contends that the nature of the human condition
includes self-awareness, freedom of choice, responsibility, and anxiety as basic
elements?
a. Gestalt therapy
b. person-centered therapy
c. existential therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. reality therapy
One of the main ways that Beck’s cognitive therapy differs from Ellis’s REBT is that in
Beck’s approach, more so than in Ellis’s approach:
a. reality testing is highly organized.
b. thinking is considered to influence feeling and action.
c. the quality of the therapeutic relationship is basic to the therapy process.
d. clients are asked to look for evidence to support their conclusions.
Current reality therapy is based on the notion that:
a. our choices are at the root of our psychological distress.
b. the therapist’s job is to make value judgments of client behavior.
c. punishment will lead to successful life choices.
d. in order to change present problems, it is essential to understand how these problems
originated during early childhood.
Which of the following approaches to therapy focuses on the unique style of life we
create at an early age?
a. family systems therapy
b. reality therapy
c. rational emotive behavior therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
Finding the “courage to be” involves:
a. confronting a specific phobia.
b. learning to be alone.
c. discarding old values.
d. developing a will to move forward despite fears.
e. all of these.
Therapy is viewed as a ___________________in the sense that the interpersonal and
existential problems of the client will become apparent in the here and now of the
therapy relationship.
a. social microcosm
b. “touchy feely” encounter
c. living laboratory
d. tension-filled encounter
Which of the following is the correct order of the three phases of Meichenbaum’s
stress-inoculation program?
a. conceptual-application-rehearsal
b. application-conceptual-rehearsal
c. application-rehearsal-conceptual
d. rehearsal-conceptual-application
e. conceptual-rehearsal-application
The paradoxical theory of behavior change suggests:
a. we change by setting future-oriented goals.
b. clients should pay particular attention to becoming the person they wish to be.
c. careful attention should devoted to changing behavior in the moment it is happening.
d. we change through becoming aware of who we currently are.
e. change is facilitated when we accept our mortality.
Of the following, which is not an assumption shared by the cognitive behavioral and
feminist therapy approaches?
a. viewing the therapeutic relationship as collaborative
b. assuming that the therapeutic relationship alone is necessary and sufficient to bring
about change
c. helping clients to take charge of their own lives
d. commitment to demystifying therapy
e. providing information to clients about how the therapy process works
Ruth closes her eyes and vividly imagines one of the worst things that could happen to
her. This is a part of the technique known as:
a. self-affirmation.
b. assertion training.
c. rational-emotive imagery.
d. cognitive disputation.
e. in vivo desensitization.
One contribution of Adlerian therapy is that:
a. practitioners are given a great deal of freedom in working with their clients.
b. it offers a well-defined theory of personality.
c. many of its concepts have been supported by research.
d. it is a common-sense psychology.
This approach has its theoretical foundations rooted in philosophy.
a. person-centered therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. psychoanalytic therapy
d. existential therapy
e. narrative therapy
What is a limitation of person-centered therapy?
a. The approach does not make use of research to study the process or outcomes of
therapy.
b. The therapist has more power to manipulate and control the client than is true of most
other therapies.
c. The approach does not emphasize the role of techniques in creating change in the
client’s life.
d. The client is not given enough responsibility to direct the course of his or her own
therapy.
e. It is a long-term approach to therapy.
All of the following are cognitive methods of REBT except for:
a. shame-attacking exercises.
b. disputing irrational beliefs.
c. changing one’s language.
d. completing homework assignments.
A limitation of person-centered therapy is:
a. the possible danger of the therapist remaining passive and inactive.
b. the emphasis on complex ideas and concepts.
c. the lack of research to support the theory.
d. neglect of the value of the therapeutic relationship.
e. the overemphasis on unconscious factors.
According to the psychoanalytic perspective:
a. people are motivated by social interest.
b. people have a tendency to adopt irrational modes of thinking.
c. people are determined by early childhood experiences.
d. people define themselves by the choices they make.
e. people strive to discover meaning in life.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centered approach?
a. The focus is on the subjective world of the client.
b. It is supported by evidence from ongoing research.
c. Importance is placed on the attitudes and beliefs of the therapist.
d. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy.
e. Attention is directed toward the personal relationship between the client and the
therapist.
In Gestalt therapy there is an emphasis on drawing heavily on:
a. cognitive techniques aimed at eliminating critical judgments of self.
b. understanding and exploring ego states.
c. behavioral strategies that are aimed at acquiring new interpersonal skills.
d. experiential techniques aimed at intensifying here-and-now experiencing.
e. both (a) and (b).
Mariah tells her therapist, a Gestaltist, that she dreamt she got married to a pit bull and
felt uneasy about telling her parents that she married a dog. When her parents
discovered their son-in-law was a pit bull, they disowned her and suddenly became
dogs themselves. In response to this dream, Mariah’s therapist:
a. may need to contact a psychiatric hospital (and possibly an animal shelter) since it is
likely Mariah unconsciously desires to marry a dog.
b. should interpret the dream for her client.
c. should assist her client in reliving the dream as though it was happening in the now
and have her become each part of the dream.
d. should encourage her client to forget the dream since it was meaningless.
Which of the following statements about creating alternative stories is not true?
a. Constructing new stories goes hand in hand with deconstructing problem-saturated
narratives.
b. The narrative therapist analyzes and interprets the meaning of a client’s story.
c. The therapist works with clients collaboratively by helping them construct more
coherent and comprehensive stories that they live by.
d. The development of alternative stories is an enactment of ultimate hope.
e. The narrative therapist listens for openings to new stories.
Phil has been in behavior therapy to address his fear of heights. The treatment will not
be considered complete until:
a. Phil transfers what he learns in therapy to his everyday life and takes actual steps to
confront his fear.
b. Phil agrees to take up sky diving as a hobby.
c. Phil has absolutely no fear of heights, which may be measured by his willingness to
move to one of the top floors of a skyscraper.
d. Phil acknowledges his fear.
One item in the series of five does not fit with the other four items. Identify the word or
phrase that does not fit with the rest of the series.
(a) exception questions, (b) the dialogue experiment, (c) staying with the feeling, (d)
reversal technique,(e) present-centered dream work
Which of the following is not true when viewing Stan’s problems from the standpoint of
self-psychology and the object-relations theory?
a. On some levels, he is stuck in the symbiotic phase.
b. The focus would be on Stan’s developmental sequences.
c. He is unable to get confirmation of his worth from himself.
d. He had accomplished the task of individuation.
e. He is repeating patterns he formed with his mother during infancy.
In psychoanalytic therapy, how do clients work with their dreams?
a. They report their dreams and are encouraged to free associate to the elements of the
dream.
b. They look for mystical meanings underlying the dream.
c. They “become” each part of their dream and act out these parts in fantasy.
d. They look to their dreams as signs of prediction of the future.
All of the following are characteristics shared by the postmodern and person-centered
approaches except:
a. the high value of the therapeutic relationship.
b. the belief that are capable of solving their problems.
c. the importance of using specific techniques in therapy.
d. the therapist’s sense of caring and respect for their client.
e. the importance of the client defining the goals for therapy.
Which of the following feminist principles recognizes the importance of working
against oppression and discrimination on the basis of race, class, culture, religious
beliefs, sexual orientation, age, and disability?
a. The person is political.
b. The counseling relationship is egalitarian.
c. Women’s ways of knowing are valued and their experiences are honored.
d. A focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress.
e. All types of oppression are recognized.
A noteworthy strength of the cognitive behavioral approaches is:
a. they have strong empirical support.
b. they pay careful attention to the client’s early development.
c. they are well-suited to clients who have difficulty with abstraction.
d. They consider insight and action equally important forces in therapeutic change.
One item in the series of five does not fit with the other four items. Identify the word or
phrase that does not fit with the rest of the series.
(a) object relations theory, (b) choice theory, (c) self psychology, (d) relational
psychoanalysis, (e)
interpersonal analysis
From the perspective of feminist therapy, the socialization of women inevitably affects
their:
a. identity development.
b. self-concept.
c. goals and aspirations.
d. emotional well-being.
e. all of these
The contemporary version of feminist therapy and the multicultural and social justice
approaches to counseling practice have a great deal in common.
Blocked energy is a form of defensive behavior.
Adlerians emphasize reeducating people and reshaping society.
Reality therapists maintain that clients will not change unless they assume a self-critical
attitude.
The relational model of psychoanalysis downplays the role of countertransference.
Behavior therapy has been successfully used with developmentally delayed clients.
Confidentiality can be considered an absolute.
Reality therapy sees transference as a way for the therapist to avoid getting personally
involved in the clients’ lives.
Therapeutic contracts are frequently used in reality therapy.
The person-centered approach is not particularly well-suited to multi-cultural
counseling.
The concept of unconditional positive regard implies that therapists develop an
accepting and
approving attitude toward all actions taken by their clients.
Adlerians typically do not use techniques of interpretation, for they believe that clients
can make their own interpretations without therapist intervention.
The focus of strategic family therapy is on growth and resolving historical conflicts in a
family rather than on dealing with present problems of a family.
Effective therapists are not the victims of their early decisions.
Your role as a counselor is to provide a safe and inviting context in which clients can
explore the congruence between their values and their behavior.