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Which of the following is not associated with learning theory?
a. moral reasoning
b. cognitive dissonance
c. reinforcement
d. modeling
In Brown's typology of police styles, which type of officer emphasizes public order and
peace officer tasks?
a. the professional-style officer
b. the service-style officer
c. the clean-beat officer
d. the old-style crime fighter
Which theory of distributive justice places need above desert or entitlement?
a. Libertarian
b. Utilitarian
c. Egalitarian
d. Marxist
The major problem with the utilitarian approach to law enforcement is that:
a. we can"t know what the ultimate outcome of our actions will be.
b. it is more expensive than other approaches
c. some people refuse to be helped
d. there is disagreement on how best to train officers on the approach
The difference between deontological ethical systems and teleological ethical systems is
that:
a. Deontological systems focus on intent instead of consequences.
b. Deontological systems prioritize the ends over the means.
c. Teleological systems focus on intent instead of consequences.
d. Teleological systems prioritize the means over the ends.
In Washington v. Harper the U.S. Supreme ruled that:
a. the administration of antipsychotic drugs to unwilling inmates is not unconstitutional
b. the administration of antipsychotic drugs to unwilling inmates is unconstitutional
c. the administration of any drugs to inmates in general is unconstitutional
d. the administration of any psychiatric plan of care to any inmates is unconstitutional
After asking the examiner the questions you prepared about the fingerprints, you ask
him questions about the shoeprints found outside the crime scene. This witness is only
trained as a fingerprint examiner but you hope that the jury will consider his opinion
about the shoeprints to be that of an expert. If they do consider his shoeprint comments
to be knowledgeable and reliable, this would be an example of:
a. leading the witness
b. a Brady motion
c. the halo effect
d. a conflict of interest
The _____________________ approach looks at the defendant's background, character,
and predisposition toward crime to determine if entrapment occurred.
a. secondary
b. objective
c. subjective
d. primary
In the 2011 case of Brown v. Plata, the Supreme Court ordered California to release
prisoners if:
a. the state could not guarantee that all correctional officers had received the proper
amount of training
b. the state could not bring the level of medical care up to a constitutional standard
c. individual prisons exceeded 100% intended capacity
d. the laws regarding marijuana possession changed
Which of the following statements about women in prison is false?
a. Until the mid 1800s, female prisoners were housed together with men in jails.
b. Only non-consensual staff-inmate sex is considered unethical.
c. In the mid-1970s female officers challenged the hiring patters of state prison systems.
d. Today, male officers are assigned to all posts inside prisons for women.
McCarthy and Souryal discuss the major types of corruption by correctional officers
and other officials in institutional corrections. These include all of following except:
a. Theft
b. Trafficking
c. Embezzlement
d. fraud
According to the text, injury to the frontal lobe of the brain can result in all of the
following except:
a. memory loss
b. decreased attention span
c. an difficulty following directions
d. tactless behavior
The deliberate, negligent, or reckless use of force against noncombatants, by state or
non-state actors for ideological ends and in the absence of a substantively just legal
process is called:
a. war
b. civil unrest
c. terrorism
d. self-defense
___________________ is different from the other three means of control in that it is
physical.
a. Force
b. Authority
c. Discretion
d. Persuasion
Atonement is most closely associated with the concept of:
a. retribution
b. prevention
c. deterrence
d. treatment
In ______________ utilitarianism, one judges an action in reference to the precedent it
sets and the long-term utility of the rule set by that action.
a. Rule
b. Act
c. Hypothetical
d. categorical
Which one of the following incidents is an example of deadly force?
a. the Rodney King incident
b. the Amadou Diallo incident
c. the Abner Louima incident
d. the Michael Mineo incident
Crime control is an approach that is consistent with the following except:
a. Criminals are the enemy.
b. Police officers are soldiers in a war.
c. Police officers serve all the people.
d. Efficiency is a top priority.
The operation described in this case can be described as a(n) ____________.
a. informal inquiry
b. proactive investigation
c. reactive investigation
d. pretext investigation
"Lessons" taught to inmates by Texas prison guards that involved verbal humiliation,
profanity, shoves, kicks, and head and body slaps were known as:
a. evening the score
b. reciprocity
c. tune-ups
d. give-backs
Which of the following is not an aspect of Rawls's theory of justice?
a. utilitarian principles
b. concern for rights
c. freedom from government interference
d. concern for the least advantaged members of society
According to Fyfe and Kane, on-duty abuse is:
a. the use of excessive force, psychological abuse, or discrimination
b. all offenses except those that are drug-related with the goal of profit
c. simple failure to meet expectations
d. violating one or more departmental rules
__________________ ethics determine what people ought to do and defines moral
duties based on ethical systems or other means of analysis.
a. Applied
b. Normative
c. Professional
d. Conventional
Acts of nonfeasance are acts:
a. of omission such as ignoring rule violations
b. that violate authority
c. performed for personal gain
d. that break ethical standards only
Those exempt from legal and moral culpability include all of the following except:
a. the insane
b. the young
c. the poor
d. one whose actions were coerced
Which set of thinkers saw criminal acts as symptoms of underlying pathology?
a. Neo-classicists
b. Utilitarians
c. Positivists
d. Formalists
Which of the following is not a component of due process?
a. Guaranteed appeals
b. The opportunity to present evidence and witnesses
c. The ability to cross-examine witnesses
d. Notice of charges
Which of the following is not one of the ethical principles that govern public servants
identified by the Josephson Institute?
a. accountability
b. democratic leadership
c. public service
d. incomplete judgment
According to Barker and Carter, accepted lies must meet all of the following standards
except:
a. they must be in furtherance of a legitimate organizational purpose.
b. there must be a clear relationship between the need to deceive and the
accomplishment of an organizational purpose.
c. the nature of the deception must be one wherein officers and the management
structure acknowledge that deception will better serve the public interest than the truth.
d. those involved in the lie must readily admit lying if prompted by a superior officer or
legal authority.
You have decided that a "change of venue" motion would be in your client's best
interest. If the judge grants your motion, this means:
a. The case will be delayed indefinitely
b. The prosecution will not be permitted to refer to the weapon during the trial, since it
was never located
c. The case will be moved to a court in another location
d. The jury pool will be dismissed and a new one convened
Which of the following is not a requirement of ethical systems?
a. universal in nature
b. authoritative
c. based on God (however defined)
d. not-self serving
According to the text, the last step necessary to clarify any dilemma is:
a. identify of potential values involved.
b. review all the facts.
c. identify all possible moral dilemmas.
d. resolve the ethical dilemma by using some means of decision making.
Initially, you charged the defendant with attempted murder, since there was reason to
believe the barn might have been occupied at the time. In reality, you knew that you
would not be able to prove this charge in court. You thought that adding this serious
charge might lead the defendant to plead guilty to the arson charge if you agreed to drop
the attempted murder charge. This agreement would be a:
a. summary judgment
b. "harmless error"
c. Brady motion
d. plea bargain
Regardless of formal ethical codes, police are influenced by the standards of behavior
they observe in ______________.
Bomse classified the denial of medical care and the lack of responsiveness as
________________ abuse.
What is the argument in support of torture? What is the argument against it? Be sure to
refer to the applicable ethical systems.
Answer:answer not provided
Kohlberg's "moral stages" are ____________, meaning that each succeeding stage
encompasses and is more comprehensive and complicated than the preceding stage.
______________ justice is concerned with ensuring the best possible outcome for
society at large.
_____________________ are defined as judgments of desirability, worth, or
importance.
The term ____________________ refers to anything used to induce behavioral change
with the goal to eliminate dysfunctional or deviant behavior and to encourage
productive and normal behavior patterns.
Describe and discuss the relationship between duties and values as presented in your
text.
Answer:answer not provided
In a series of court cases starting in 2005, the Supreme Court struck down the
mandatory nature of sentencing guidelines, while still allowing them to be used in an
advisory capacity.
Zealous defense would allow questioning the credibility of prosecution witnesses.
The importance of Kohlberg's work is the link he makes between gender and moral
development.
Muir's police types included the professional, the reciprocating officer, the enforcer, and
the clean beat officer.
The idea that most people have similar beliefs, values, and goals and that societal laws
reflect the majority view is called the ___________________.
Pinker's concept of the ___________ refers to the idea that humans are naturally
peaceful and altruistic.
What are some rights recognized by the United Nations and the European Union,
regarding a nation's law enforcement and judiciary?
Answer:answer not provided
Impartiality refers to fair and equal treatment for all, without discrimination or bias.
Compare and contrast grass eaters' and meat eaters."
Answer:answer not provided
