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One problem with the data in the FBI's UCR is the fact that people often lie on
self-reports.
a. True
b. False
The nature and definition of due process remains unchanged across historical time
periods.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is not an explanation regarding gender differences in the crime
rate?
a. Males are stronger and better able to commit violence.
b. Hormones make men more aggressive.
c. Girls are socialized to be less aggressive.
d. Girls are granted greater personal freedom.
Most police agencies are organized in a(n) ______ manner.
a. Cooperative and democratic
b. Egalitarian
c. Hierarchical
d. Corporate and businesslike
One positive with the U.S. court system is that the number of cases, especially in
limited jurisdiction courts, has been decreasing for more than a decade.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following would not fall under the purview of a court of general
jurisdiction?
a. Rape
b. Civil case with damages over $15,000
c. Simple assault
d. Review of a case on appeal from a court of limited jurisdiction
Which age group is linked to the early onset of criminal behavior?
a. Toddlers
b. Early adolescence
c. Late teens
d. Mid-twenties
______ suggests that some people adopt the goals of society but lack the means to
attain them and will therefore seek alternatives, such as crime.
a. Strain theory
b. Social learning theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Self-control theory
The Terry v. Ohio case established that it is legal for a police officer to pat down
asuspect to check for weapons even if they do not have probable cause to arrest the
suspect.
a. True
b. False
CASE 13.3
Robert Dawkins is arrested for drug possession and sentenced to fourteen months
in prison. This is Robert's first offense and many in the system argue that the
sentence is harsh. Given this information, answer the following questions.
If this same offense occurred during the late 1800s in association with Brockway's
reformatory style of prison, the inmates would have been released to the custody of
individuals known as _______________.
a. Gate-keepers
b. Guardians
c. Watchmen
d. Free masons
According to the shifting philosophies of juvenile justice outlined in the text, the time
from 1950 to 1970 recognized that:
a. Juveniles must be treated differently than adults.
b. A rising crime rate had mandated a get-tough approach on juvenile crime.
c. The rehabilitation model and the protective nature of the parens patriae had failed to
prevent delinquency.
d. Drug courts were necessary for reducing the number of nonviolent juveniles
sentenced to jail time.
Possession of marijuana is an example of a strict liability crime.
a. True
b. False
The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy.
a. True
b. False
Which is the legal counsel in a criminal case who represents the accused person from
arrest to appeal?
a. Prosecutor
b. Defense attorney
c. Ombudsman
d. Advocate administrator
What does lifestyle theory posit about victimization?
a. The victim invariably precipitates their own victimization.
b. Victimization is a function of social strain and precipitation.
c. Crime is not a random event, and the probability of a crime occurring is dependent on
the activities of the victim.
d. Victims are just as likely to become offenders as offenders are to become victims.
Which statement is false regarding minorities in policing?
a. White officers were historically very prejudiced, and as late as the 1950s, some
refused to ride with African Americans in patrol cars.
b. The first African American was hired as a police officer in 1931.
c. Current research reveals the higher the percentage of black officers on the force, the
higher the arrest rate for crimes such as assault.
d. Minority officers report more stress than whites when they consider themselves
"tokens" and feel marginalized within the department.
Female officers actually report feeling less job-related stress than male officers.
a. True
b. False
The U.S. Supreme court has repeatedly upheld the drug testing of student athletes.
a. True
b. False
CASE 9.1
Martha "Shuffles" Hershey is arrested for soliciting prostitution from a minor, a
17-year-old male in her small beach resort villa and kidnapping (transportation of
a minor across state lines). Having paid the minor for sexual favors, she escorted
him across state lines. At the time, Martha was 47 years old and had two kids; her
husband had recently divorced her because of infidelity. Given this basic
information of the case, answer the following questions.
Knowing what you know about the case, which system would most likely handle the
case?
a. Juvenile court because of the age of the victim
b. State specialized court because of the nature of the crime
c. Federal district court because of the nature of the crime
d. Supreme Court because of the seriousness of the crime
Most officers killed in the line of duty are responding to a disturbance call.
a. True
b. False
One advantage of Intelligence-led Policing is its focus on criminogenic "hot spots."
a. True
b. False
How many states have two intermediate appellate courts?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
During the Civil War era, prisons were major manufacturers of clothes, shoes, boots,
and furniture.
a. True
b. False
The medieval practice of allowing convicted offenders to go unpunished if they agreed
to refrain from any further criminal behavior was known as:
a. Judicial waiver.
b. Recognizance.
c. Revocation.
d. Judicial reprieve.
When a motorist is issued a traffic citation, which is the most likely type of release?
a. Police field citation release
b. Pretrial court direct release
c. Police station house citation release
d. None of the above
The most common sanction for overzealous prosecutors in the United States is:
a. Being disbarred.
b. Reprimand/censure.
c. Prison time.
d. Fines.
What was the result of the Boston police strike in 1919?
a. All striking officers were fired and replaced with new recruits.
b. Police officers received an increase in their salaries.
c. The police officers were able to form a successful union that negotiated with
politicalleaders.
d. Police officers received more vacation and sick days.
CASE 11.3
Trent Jones, a 42-year-old black war veteran with no prior criminal arrests, is
arrested in Texas for the premeditated murder of his neighbor, Jeffery Bella,
following months of disagreement between the two men. On the night in question,
Mr. Jones hid behind bushes in Mr. Bella's driveway, waited for Mr. Bella to exit,
and shot him five times in the chest in front of his wife and two children. Given
this information, answer the following questions.
Given the same scenario above but changing the defendant from male to female, if
found guilty and at sentencing the offender is given twenty-five to thirty years instead
of life in prison or the death penalty, many would argue that this is an example of the:
a. Chivalry hypothesis.
b. Gallantry hypothesis.
c. Nobility hypothesis.
d. Double marginality clause.
Crime is believed to be a product of transitional neighborhoods that manifest value
conflict according ________ theory.
a. Psychoanalytic
b. Social control
c. Social structure
d. Social learning
The Oklahoma Department of Corrections is testing a GPS-based monitoring system
that uses GIS (geographic information system) to better assess an offender's location.
This is known as:
a. GeoShadow.
b. Geocaching.
c. Graphic Inmate Reception.
d. Oklahoma Geographic Inmate Location (OGIL).
Which concept states that the punishment should be severe enough to convince
convicted offenders never to repeat the same offense?
a. Specific deterrence
b. Incapacitation
c. Retribution and Just Desserts
d. General deterrence
The _____________________ model punishes people in an attempt to set an example
for other would-be criminals.
Civil rights that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits are
known as________________.
Discuss the Delinquency in A Birth cohort study and how its findings have shaped
criminaljustice policy.
Answer:Answers will vary.
__________has provided a mechanism for the frustrated to vent their anger, for
business leaders to maintain theirposition of wealth and power, and for those outside the
economic mainstream to take a shortcut to the American dream.
The role of the victim in provoking or encouraging criminal behavior is known as
_______________.
Explain some of the ways local, county, and state police agencies have been working
toaddress terrorism since 9/11.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Compare and contrast the prison experience for male and female inmates.
Answer:Answers will vary.
__________________ is the pretrial release of a defendant with ties to the community
and who is not a flight risk; this individual is not required to post bail but promises to
appear for subsequent hearings.
________ is the beginning of antisocial behavior during early adolescence, after which
criminal behavior is more likely to persist throughout the life span.
African American officers have historically confronted the problem of
____________________, in which they are expected to favor members of their own
race while patrolling the population and simultaneously suffering racism from white
colleagues.
Explain the onset of early police professionalism.
Answer:Answers will vary.
A(n) ____________________ is an operation designed to encourage and
observecriminal behavior so the officers can make an arrest.
Discuss policing in the United States in the 1960s.
Answer:Answers will vary.
A(n) _______________is a type of sentencing in which victims, family members,
community members, and the offender participate in an effort to devise fair and
reasonable sanctions.
Under new provisions put in place by President Obama, under the Patriot Act, the
government can track "___________________," individuals thought to be connected to
terrorist groups.
Describe the role of the prosecutor, defense attorney, judge and victim in plea
bargaining. Who, in your opinion, is the primary role player? Explain.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Explain how institutional racism may influence police decision-making practices.
Answer:Answers will vary.
