Those who return to the community must overcome a number of issues including?
a. illiteracy
b. physical and mental health issues
c. gainful employment
d. all of the above
One reason that suspects often cooperate with the police is that the typical robber
a. believes that cooperation will avert arrest
b. is searching for approval
c. is impulsive and disorganized
d. is crafty and manipulative
The Nation’s Toughest Drug Law provides an example of
a. bleeding heart liberal judges who are too lenient with convicted offenders
b. How mandatory sentencing laws lead to early dismissals and increases in sentencing
delays
c. a cost-effective way to achieve incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation
d. racial discrimination that can occur in any part of the criminal justice system
American society has ignored recommendations for prison programming because
a. all of the services ex-offenders need are already available
b. of politics and attitudes regarding crime and criminals
c. they have traditionally supported discretionary over mandatory release
d. no research evidence indicates it is important or effective
The going rate
a. is another name for sentencing guidelines
b. refers to a shared understanding about how much cases are worth
c. is a product of an unstable courtroom work group
d. is commonly referred to as the local legal culture
The reason why career criminal prosecution programs do not dramatically increase
conviction rates and prison sentences is because
a. the criminal justice system is already tough on repeat offenders who have committed
a serious crime
b. the courtroom work group tends to evade career criminal prosecution programs and
dismisses these cases early on
c. the courtroom work group tends to make decisions based on their local going rate
which includes many plea bargains to lesser charges not covered in the programs
d. All of the above
e. none of the above
According to the NCVS, crime victims’ attitudes about the severity of crimes
a. match the attitudes of the perpetrators of those crimes
b. dispel conventional wisdom about how they should feel
c. match the distinctions of criminal justice officials about the seriousness of crimes
d. differ drastically from the attitudes of criminal justice officials regarding distinctions
about the seriousness of crimes
Elderly people have the lowest violent crime victimization rate among all age groups,
likely because
a. they are less likely than other populations to report crimes perpetrated against them
b. they have learned how to avoid victimization
c. members of our society generally respect their elders
d. they remain inside at night, due to a fear of crime
An educational strategy that seeks to change behavior by providing information and
assumes people will not engage in certain behaviors such as drug use or risky sex is
a. information dissemination
b. moral appeal
c. fear arousal
d. affective education
The Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence was more effective in the long term than
the Boston Gun Project because it
a. focused on a lower-crime area
b. created an organizational structure designed to ensure its continuity
c. maintained long-term relationships between police officers and gang members
d. relied on careful planning and a focus on specific people, locations and crimes
Restorative justice may well be appropriate and effective for whom?
a. a repeat drunk driver
b. a person who kills in self-defense
c. the juvenile delinquent in a middle class neighborhood
d. stranger rape
This book will focus primarily on the crimes of
a. murder and other violent crimes
b. drug possession and use
c. robbery and burglary
d. juvenile delinquency
Diversion programs are rooted in the assumptions of which criminological theory?
a. rational choice
b. labeling
c. self-control
d. differential association
Regarding pretrial drug testing as a method for predicting crime on bail
a. except for marijuana use it did not help predict arrests
b. except for cocaine use it did not help predict arrests
c. except for heroin use it did not help predict arrests
d. it has been found unconstitutional
Third-layer cases differ from second-layer cases in that
a. Third-layer cases are more likely to be dismissed or pled down
b. there are more celebrities in second- than third-layer cases
c. there are more second- than third-layer cases
d. there are no differences between third- and second-layer cases
The criminal justice law of thermodynamics states that a(n) ____(1)______ in the
severity of a penalty results in ____(2)______ application of that penalty
a. (1) decrease (2) more frequent
b. (1) decrease (2) less frequent
c. (1) increase (2) more frequent
d. (1) increase (2) less frequent
The theory of deterrence rests on a number of assumptions including
a. severity of punishment is more important than its certainty
b. the notion that the CJS is the only institution able to promote deterrence
c. the use of UCR data to communicate risk of apprehension to potential offenders
d. people have to perceive consequences as unpleasant and act rationally
The major changes between the 1960s and 2009 have been
a. greater likelihood of burglary suspects going to prison and lesser likelihood of assault
suspects going to prison
b. greater likelihood of those possessing a weapon going to prison, and lesser likelihood
of larceny suspects going to prison
c. a general increase in incarceration rates and increase in length of sentencing
d. a general decrease in incarceration rates and increase in length of sentencing
The problem with the Sentencing Commission study is that
a. it ignores offenders’ prior histories
b. it uses race as a factor to determine future dangerousness
c. it is based on false evidence
d. it gives only broad, instead of specific, predictions
One surprising result of the ban on plea bargaining was that
a. cases moved through the courts faster than before
b. discretion shifted upstream and police officers made fewer arrests
c. the increase in trials increased case processing time
d. prosecutors dismissed cases earlier and more quickly
The strategy of teaching officers to de-escalate encounters between the police and
citizens is designed to eliminate
a. the tradition of treating disrespectful actions as “contempt of cop”
b. problem in due process
c. the high recidivism rate of repeat offenders
d. racial disparities in police proceedings
One of the reasons for being skeptical about how effectively deterrence-oriented
policies are translated into practice is that
a. these policies are interpreted differently by police than they are by the courts
b. they are typically avoided by liberal courtroom work groups
c. we haven”t had the funding to implement these policies as intended
d. the social stigma attached to crime commission is lost given frequent arrests of
African American males
Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the type of cases within
each layer of the wedding cake?
a. the largest layer of the cake contains serious felonies because these are the most
frequently occurring cases in the CJS
b. the top layer contains celebrated cases, the second layer contains serious felonies, the
third layer contains less serious felonies, and the bottom layer contains misdemeanors
c. although celebrated cases make up the top and smallest layer of the cake, they are
examples of the typical cases handled routinely by the CJS on a day-to-day basis
d. the top layer contains celebrated cases, the second layer contains less serious
felonies, the third layer contains serious felonies, and the bottom layer contains
misdemeanors
The Crime Commission’s model
a. emphasizes significant differences between types of cases and the consistent
disposition of cases within each category
b. emphasizes the interrelationships among agencies and the ways decisions at one
point in the system affect decisions at other points
c. is a visual representation of the consistency and predictability of the system
d. is a visual representation of the chaos and unpredictability of the system
Victims’ voice laws
a. are required under the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution
b. seek to expand the victims’ voice in bail, sentencing and parole decisions
c. were designed for the purposes of getting tough and promoting retribution
d. were prohibited and ruled unconstitutional in Payne v. Tennessee
e. all of the above
In evaluating the effectiveness of faith-based treatment programs
a. organic religion was least effective in reducing crime
b. there was higher recidivism rates among secular programs than faith-based ones
c. there is inconclusive evidence that faith-based programs are more effective than
secular ones
d. intentional religion was most effective in reducing crime
Examples of behaviors that have been effectively controlled socially outside of the
criminal justice system include
a. smoking and automobile fatalities
b. “just say no” and DARE
c. prohibitions of alcohol and abortion
d. all of the above
Walker proposes that preventive detention __________ reduce __________ crime.
a. (1) will (2) minor
b. (1) will not (2) serious
c. (1) will (2) serious
d. (1) will not (2) minor
Ehrlich’s research purported to prove that
a. each execution deterred seven or eight murders
b. each execution contributed to an additional seven or eight murders
c. each execution deterred 17 or 18 murders
d. each execution contributed to an additional 17 or 18 murders
In his discussion of restorative justice, Braithwaite argues that _____(1)_____ social
control has more effect on criminal behavior than ____(2)_____ social control.
a. (1) formal (2) informal
b. (1) informal (2) formal
c. (1) lenient (2) harsh
d. (1) harsh (2) lenient
An evaluation of King County’s reform of plea bargaining found
a. bans on plea bargaining were unconstitutional and are quickly overturned
b. crime was reduced because defendants who had previously been treated leniently
went to prison which produced both a general deterrent and incapacitated dangerous
offenders
c. the plea bargaining charging guidelines significantly changed how cases were
handled
d. high consistency among cases as the courtroom workgroup collaborated on
appropriate charges and punishment
A survey of sixty-two victim service programs in North Carolina found that
a. overall, victims were satisfied with the CJS system
b. the programs were equally helpful to victims and witnesses
c. virtually all victims were made aware of their right to make a victim-impact
statement
d. none of the above
By reducing the number of jail days, the Midtown Community Court achieved the
anticipated cost savings.
A reexamination of the funnel effect using more recent BJS data found that this effect
no longer exists.
Liberals have dominated the victims’ rights movement, but other political groups
including feminists have also been active.
Case processing is unaffected by the dynamics of the courtroom work group.
Celebrated cases distort public perceptions about criminal justice.
Problem-oriented policing is a get tough approach to policing characterized by a short
burst of intensive law enforcement involving many arrests of “problem” people.
Compare and contrast the impact of the Washington D.C. preventive detention law with
the Federal Bail Reform Act.
Historically victims represented themselves before judges but in modern
Anglo-American law there is no formal role for victims.
Differentiate fourth-layer cases from those in the second layer of the CJ wedding cake.
Describe the purpose of the Boston Gun Project, its strategy and its effectiveness to
decrease the gun-related violence among young minority males.
Compare and contrast traditional crime policy with evidence-based crime policy.
Nationally, there are 2.2 sworn officers per 1,000 people in the United States.
Electronic monitoring programs have only been used with traffic violation offenders.
Data on career-criminal prosecution programs show that they are less effective than was
hoped because these offenses were already being treated seriously.
Walker argues that one of the biggest problems in the U.S. related to gun control is an
insufficient number of gun control laws.
Explain the value of serving special populations of crime victims.
African-Americans are more likely than whites to own guns.