People with high-risk lifestyles have a lower risk of victimization.
a. True
b. False
Daniel Lee is a college professor at a mid-sized university in Maryland. He ran for city
council and won in 2014 and his wife is the head of the PTA at his child’s grade school.
Both he, and his wife, are respected members of the community. Answer the following
questions with this information.
Dan’s wife, Lisa, is caught shoplifting a purse from Macy’s and is arrested. Given her
social status, which of the following types of thieves would Lisa fall into?
a. Snitch
b. Booster
c. Heel
d. Fence
Efforts to combat transnational organized crime are typically in the hands of federal
agencies
a. True
b. False
Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. At the trial, Donald takes the stand
and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. He admits that they would drink
and use drugs together. One night while “partying,” Donald explains in his testimony,
an argument got out of hand during a card game. Donald explains that the victim
accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air.
Donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. The jury
convicted Donald of manslaughter.
What subarea of criminology would be most interested in understanding the victim’s
role in Donald’s case?
a. Crime statistics
b. Penology
c. Sociology of law
d. Victimology
Some of the programs developed during the Chicago School era, such as Cloward and
Ohlin’s views of differential opportunity, were a critical part of the Kennedy and
Johnson administration’s War on Poverty.
a. True
b. False
____ describes the antisocial behaviors that arise from efforts to maintain governmental
power or to uphold the race, class, and gender advantages of those who support the
government.
a. Power-control crime
b. State (organized) crime
c. Instrumental theory
d. Structural theory
The most typical use of cyberspace for destructive intent comes in the sending or
implanting of disruptive programs, called viruses or worms.
a. True
b. False
Public policy programs based on developmental theory ______.
a. focus on deterrence through strict punishments
b. include mechanisms for reintegrating offenders into society
c. provide self-help treatments aimed at adult offenders
d. feature multisystemic treatments designed for at-risk youths
Revolutionary terrorists use violence to frighten those in power and their supporters in
order to replace the existing government with a regime that holds political or religious
views of the group.
a. True
b. False
Victim precipitation theory suggests that crime victims may trigger attacks by acting
provocatively.
a. True
b. False
The most controversial element of the victims’ rights movement is the ______.
a. removal of witness protection programs
b. development of offender registration laws
c. creation of restitution programs
d. unconstitutional nature of victim impact statements
Why is drug dealing considered a rational crime?
a. Because drug dealers approach their “profession” in a businesslike fashion
b. Because drug dealers are consistently able to avoid detection and arrest
c. Because drug dealers lure nonusers with ‘samples” of their product to generate a
greater number of hooked, hard-core users
d. Because drug dealers are more intelligent than other street offenders
Even though United States and international law agencies work together, if a
transnational group is destroyed and if monetary gain is readily available, it is quickly
replaced.
a. True
b. False
There is little enforcement of obscenity laws in cases involving adults, almost all
enforcement involves child pornography
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is not true about auto thefts and automobiles?
a. Every state requires owners to insure vehicles.
b. Fewer cars are being taken today and fewer cars are being recovered than a decade
ago.
c. FBI records about 700,000 auto thefts per year.
d. The average loss from auto theft is about $4 billion a year.
The major drawback of diversion programs is that by law they can only be applied to
those under the age of 18 and for nonserious crimes.
a. True
b. False
According to research, labeling often comes after, rather than before, chronic offending.
a. True
b. False
_____ occurs when crime controlefforts simply move, or redirect, offenders to less
heavily guarded alternative targets.
a. Displacement
b. Diffusion
c. Extinction
d. Replacement
Programs based on social reaction theory attempt to shield people from criminal labels
by diverting them from the system in order to avoid stigma.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following statements regarding gender differences and the general theory
of crime is accurate?
a. The GTC predicts gender differences in self-control and crime.
b. There is little evidence that males are more impulsive than females.
c. Females are more likely to persist in crime due to low self-control.
d. Male juvenile offenders exhibit greater impulse control than female juvenile
offenders until approximately 16 years of age when levels equalize.
According to Cohen and Felson, why did crime rates increase between 1960 and 1980?
a. Because unemployment rose, resulting in an increase in motivated offenders
b. Because the amount of suburban neighborhoods decreased, resulting in a population
shift to urban neighborhoods
c. Because a demographic bulge in the population resulted in an increased number of
motivated offenders
d. Because guardians decreased as a result of increased female participation in the
workforce
According to the evolutionary theory, over the history of the human species
__________ males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.
a. aggressive
b. intelligent
c. introverted
d. mentally ill
What category of victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal
characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker?
a. Impulsive precipitation
b. Passive precipitation
c. Reflexive precipitation
d. Active precipitation
The consensus view of crime suggests that the definition of crime reflects the
preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular legal
jurisdiction.
a. True
b. False
Beth was a victim of childhood physical and sexual abuse. She is now 40 years old and
is a well-respected journalist who works for a nationally known magazine. She also
travels around the country speaking to crime victims.
Beth’s progression from child victim to advocate for victims may best be explained by
an increase in her ______.
a. school scholarships
b. income
c. age
d. institutional support
A promising trend in the last 10 years is the closing gap of unemployment rates among
races; African Americans and non-Hispanic Whites both have unemployment rates
around 14 percent nationally.
a. True
b. False
Labels amplify deviant behavior rather than deterring people from future criminality.
a. True
b. False
Latent trait theorists believe human development is controlled by a master trait present
at birth or soon after that results in ______.
a. low intellectual development
b. verbal and physical aggression
c. an increased propensity to commit crime
d. a reduced ability to interpret social interactions
The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factorsthe
availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presences of
motivated offendersis called _____ theory.
a. victim precipitation
b. routine activities
c. lifestyle
d. deviant place
Reaction formation is used to explain irrational hostility by young delinquents who
adopt norms directly opposed by the middle class.
a. True
b. False
The life instinct known as ___________________ drives people toward self-fulfillment
and enjoyment.
Proponents of the _____________ theory argue that environmental stimulation from
parents, relatives, and peer groups accounts for a child’s IQ level.
Describe how victim advocates and crisis intervention programs assist victims.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Compare and contrast the role of marginal and restrictive deterrence in explaining
deterrence strategies.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Define and describe the concept of restorative justice and why it is considered an aspect
of peacemaking criminology.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Fingerprinting, photographing, and recording personal information of a suspect is
commonly referred to as _____.
Social disorganization theory links crime rates to neighborhood ecological
characteristics. Identify and discuss these characteristics.
Answer:Answers will vary
The ___________________ pathway begins at an early age with stubborn behavior and
leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.
Compare and contrast serial murders and mass murders.
Answer:Answers will vary
Does prior victimization enhance or reduce the chances of future victimization? Explain
how and/or why.
Answer:Answers will vary.
How do critical criminologists view crime? Include in your response the critical
criminology specialization called supranational criminology.
Answer:Answers will vary.
According to social structure theory, the key to understanding the root cause of crime
can be found in the nation’s socioeconomic makeup. Explain what is meant by this
statement.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Hate or bias crimes are an emerging form of interpersonal violence. Discuss the
categories of hate crime that exist providing examples of each.
Answer:Answers will vary
The small group of persistent offenders who account for a majority of all criminal
offenders are known as ______.
A law enforcement strategy referred to as ________________, uses the idea of
destroying overseas crops and drug labs to reduce the drug trade.