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Cooperating with the authorities, good character, and no prior record are examples of
________ circumstances.
a. aggravating
b. unforeseen
c. compensatory
d. mitigating
Which of the following advocates would support the interests of society over those of
an individual?
a. due-process advocate
b. individual-rights advocates
c. consensus model advocates
d. public-order advocates
The intentional use of a firearm or other instrument resulting in a high probability of
death is known as ________.
a. deadly force
b. excessive force
c. physical force
d. force factor
Which police strategy emphasizes an increased capacity to deal with crimes that are not
well controlled by traditional methods?
a. problem-solving policing
b. strategic policing
c. community policing
d. team policing
Which of the following officially notifies witnesses that they are to appear in court to
testify?
a. appeal
b. sentence
c. subpoena
d. bill
Which of the following is NOT a fact revealed by the NCVS statistics in the recent
years?
a. Younger people are more likely than the elderly to be victims of crime.
b. City residents are about twice as likely as rural residents to be victims of crime.
c. Women are more likely to be victimized by crime than men.
d. About half of all violent crimes are reported to the police.
The Supreme Court case of In re Kemmler deals with what form of execution?
a. electrocution
b. firing squad
c. hanging
d. lethal injection
Which state has the largest number of female prisoners?
a. Ohio
b. California
c. Texas
d. New York
Which crime best describes an attempt to overthrow the government of the society of
which one is a member?
a. espionage
b. conspiracy
c. treason
d. infraction
Which of the following elements of crime means "guilty mind"?
a. actus reus
b. mens rea
c. corpus delicti
d. stare decisis
The ________ is based on victims' reports rather than on police reports.
a. Bureau of Justice Statistics
b. National Incident-Based Reporting System
c. National Crime Victimization Survey
d. Uniform Crime Report
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the elderly ________.
a. have the highest rate of crime victimization of any age group
b. fear crime less than other age groups
c. are more likely to attempt to protect themselves from violent criminals than other age
groups
d. have the lowest rate of crime victimization of any age group
What percentage of state inmates represent themselves at trial?
a. 50%
b. 3%
c. 1%
d. 6%
The FBI headquarters are named after ________.
a. Roscoe Pound
b. Robert Peel
c. Henry Fielding
d. J. Edgar Hoover
Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical prison system in relatively
populous states?
a. one ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like
b. one institution for adult women
c. one high-security prison for long-term high-risk offenders
d. one or more open-type institutions for low-risk, nonviolent inmates
Which type of bail is similar to a credit contract?
a. deposit bail
b. unsecured bonds
c. third-party custody
d. conditional release
Which of the following is NOT one of the major areas of due-process requirements of
relevance to the police?
a. evidence and investigation
b. incarceration
c. arrest
d. interrogation
Which of the following is true of the ILP era?
a. It is characterized by close ties between police and public officials.
b. It began around 1930 and lasted until the 1970s.
c. It is still evolving and involves efforts to deal with threats to the homeland.
d. It stresses the service role of police officers.
How many states have intermediate appellate courts?
a. 39
b. 19
c. 15
d. 50
A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a
specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an
________.
a. indictment
b. assessment
c. arraignment
d. enforcement
Unreasonable searches and seizures are prohibited by the ________.
a. Fourth Amendment
b. equality statute
c. protection clause
d. Fifth Amendment
Who is responsible for summoning members of the public for jury duty and
subpoenaing witnesses for the prosecution and the defense?
a. the court recorder
b. the bailiff
c. the court administrator
d. the clerk of court
What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States?
a. shock incarceration
b. house arrest
c. imprisonment
d. probation
Which of the following would NOT be categorized as a felony?
a. murder
b. petty theft
c. rape
d. robbery
Within a few years following the end of the hands-off doctrine, the ________
intervened in the running of prisons in numerous states.
a. federal courts
b. U.S. Bureau of Prisons
c. U.S. Attorney General
d. U.S. Congress
A criminal offense that is punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for
at least one year is called a(n) ________.
a. felony
b. offense
c. misdemeanor
d. infraction
The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act ________.
a. outlaws 19 military-style assault weapons
b. outlaws handguns
c. provided for a five-day waiting period before the purchase of a handgun
d. has been repealed
Rhodes v.Chapman dealt with which inmate issue?
a. double-celling
b. warrantless cell search
c. medical care
d. inmate unions
________ refers to crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are
based on social science research.
a. Consensus model
b. Social justice
c. Social control
d. Evidence-based practice
Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the
amount of time served?
a. leniency of the judge
b. inmate's behavior while incarcerated
c. pressure from politicians
d. leniency of the parole board
A writ of certiorari ________.
a. asks the court to free somebody who has been wrongfully convicted
b. is Latin for an affidavit
c. allows officers to search a suspect's home
d. allows appellate courts to review the record of a lower court case
Evidence seized by police officers who are proceeding on a warrant but violate the
knock-and-announce rule will be subject to the exclusionary rule.
List and define three of the five goals of criminal sentencing. Which of these goals do
you believe is the most effective in dealing with defendants?
James Q. Wilson's legalistic style of policing has been referred to as laissez-faire
policing because officers avoid disputes that do not break the law.
In 2006 the USA PATRIOT Act was repealed.
Because federal probation officers are not law enforcement officers, they have no
authority to arrest.
Spam is the result of malicious computer programs such as viruses, worms, and Trojan
horses.
When a prisoner is executed the Constitution demands that all risk of pain be avoided.
The author lists three major areas of police abuse that may occur during interrogation.
List and comment on those three areas of potential abuse. Analyze your opinions about
these abuses, citing relevant examples to agree or disagree with them.
In identity theft, the victim is often left with a ruined credit history and the time
consuming and complicated task of repairing the financial damage.
Inequities arise when offenders with vastly different financial resources are fined
similar amounts.
A probation officer does not need a search warrant or probable cause to search a
probationer's residence.
Over 50% of state prisoners are dependent on drugs.
When women are victims of violent crime, they are less likely to be injured than men.
List and define three members of the nonprofessional courtroom participants and their
roles in the day-to-day process in the court room.
Individual-rights advocates primarily seek to protect personal freedoms and civil rights
within the society, and especially within the criminal justice process.
Supreme Court rulings prohibit officers from searching arrestees of the opposite sex.
There are several exceptions to the exclusionary rule. List and define three of those
exceptions and the U.S. Supreme Court cases that may be involved in defining the law
when the search may be conducted. In your opinion, which of those exceptions offers
the best protection for the defendant in a criminal case?
The principle of recognizing previous decisions as precedents to guide future
deliberations is called stare decisis.
Scientific jury selection uses correlational techniques from the social sciences to gauge
the likelihood that a potential juror will vote for conviction or acquittal.
A "knowing waiver" of rights requires that the defendant be able to understand the
consequences of not invoking the Miranda rights.
