List and discuss the contributions put forth by three behaviorists and explain how their
contributions furthered the field of behaviorism.
Three behaviorists and their contributions to the field:
_________ conditioning deals with behaviors that are voluntary rather than
reflexive.
a. Operant
b. Respondent
c. Reflexive
d. Overactive
_________ conditioning deals with behaviors that are voluntary rather than
reflexive.
a. Operant
b. Respondent
c. Reflexive
d. Overactive
List and discuss the contributions put forth by three behaviorists and explain how their
contributions furthered the field of behaviorism.
A histogram is a form of:
a. line graph
b. cumulative graph
c. bar graph
d. none of the above
Naturally occurring reinforcers are highly effective and sufficient for maintaining all
desirable behaviors.
The longer the delay between the desired behavior and receipt of the reinforcer, the
possibility that the student may engage in a behavior not under the contingency is
decreased.
The use of a single reinforcer throughout the day is the most efficient way to establish a
functional relationship and increase behavior.
The use of primary reinforcers facilitates the rapid acquisition of desired behaviors.
Which is considered the least intrusive strategy for reducing behavior?
a. Sam is sent to the corner to “think about his inappropriate behavior” for 5 minutes.
b. Jerry is taught to point to a picture to tell his teacher he is hungry instead of pushing
materials off of his desk.
c. Sherri loses her free time for not turning in her homework
d. Melissa is required to clean all of the desks in the classroom after writing on her own
desk.
The most effective method to teach a child to respond appropriately is to focus on a
single salient feature of a stimulus.
Response generalization refers to unprogrammed changes in similar behaviors when a
target behavior is modified.
Unplanned generalization can never occur.
Behaviors that result in increased peer reinforcement are less likely to be maintained in
the natural environment.
“Training sufficient exemplars” is another way of saying that a teacher uses many
examples when teaching a student to perform a particular skill.
General case programming promotes generalization by programming common stimuli.
An effective approach to using sufficient exemplars is to train the target behavior in
several settings or with several different trainers.
Teachers are most effective when they follow a controlled, consistent, and standardized
format for promoting generalization.
After eating his dinner, Jerome will take his plate to the kitchen sink with no more than
one verbal reminder 4 out of 5 days per week for four weeks.
An advantage of transferring behavior management from the teacher to the student is
that the student becomes more independent.
The best person to manage a student’s behavior is the student.
The more effective reinforcers are those selected by the target student.
It may be necessary to eliminate or reduce the rate of some student behaviors
Setting events refer to the climate within which the behavior and the contingency occur.
Voluntary consent implies publication of goals, procedures, and results so that they may
be evaluated
General case programming involves selection of training stimuli with degrees of
sameness and difference within a stimulus class.
The ordinate scale always begins at “0”.
Cumulative graphs always demonstrate an upward curve if any behavior at all is being
recorded.
Of the observational data recording systems, the one which results in the most accurate
representation of the occurrence of the behavior is interval recording.
Kathy’s mom slaps her hand when she reaches for the knobs on the stove. This is
considered to be a conditioned aversive stimulus.
Interval and time sampling data are reported as number or percent of total intervals
during which a behavior occurs.
Aversives are acceptable when used by students who are using the self-punishment
technique.
A trend in data is defined as five data points in an obvious direction.
As long as teachers gain administrative approval, exclusionary time-out would be
considered appropriate to use with a student who is engaged in inappropriate behaviors.
Research has shown that when positive reinforcement is used, intrinsic motivation is
decreased.
A continuity break in a data path is used when there is a break in the expected sequence
of intervention.
The pace of instruction should be brisk.
Discrimination is the ability to tell the difference between environmental events or
stimuli.
Permanent products are tangible items or environmental effects that result from a
behavior.
Functional skills are more prone to be maintained by the natural environment.
Compare and contrast functional analysis and a brief functional analysis. Which
provides the most precise data?
A DRL procedure reinforces a lower rate of the target/inappropriate behavior.
A response may be generalized over time, across settings, and across behaviors.
The same behavior exhibited by two different students may serve two different
functions.
No more than five different data paths should be plotted on a single graph.
The passage of time is associated with interval schedules of reinforcement.
Use of a reversal design is appropriate for monitoring intervention effects on fighting
behavior.
Generalized reinforcers are less susceptible to satiation.
It is appropriate to end the baseline phase if two stable data points are collected and
plotted.
Using alterations of SΔ’s and SD’s enable students to make discriminations more easily.
The backward chaining procedure requires a student to demonstrate all the steps of a
behavioral chain until it is completely mastered.
Miss Hoffman wants to gradually decrease her caffeine intake from an average of 8
cups of coffee or soda per day to no more than one serving per day. An appropriate
research design for Miss Hoffman to use would be the changing criterion design.
Interval recording allows an investigator to analyze written reports.
At times a programmed change in a target behavior will result in a change in a similar
response class of behaviors.
Deprivation is a necessity if primary reinforcers are to be effective.
The classroom appearance should be attractive.
An antecedent stimulus is:
a. an event occurring before the behavior is performed
b. an event occurring after the behavior is performed
c. a and b
d. none of the above
Which of the following would be a procedure used by an applied behavior analyst?
a. Shock therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. Contingency contracting
d. Drug therapy
Which of the following provides an illustration of a rapid rate of responding using
a cumulative graph?
(A) (B) (C)
a. A only
b. B only
c. C only
d. A and C
Reinforcers that are exchangeable for some reinforcer of value to students is known as:
a. Activity reinforcers
b. Proprioceptive reinforcers
c. Token reinforcers
d. Tactile reinforcers
_____________ is a naturally occurring phenomenon.
a. Time out
b. Reinforcement
c. Contingency contracting
d. Response cost
Individuals are MOST likely to satiate on:
a. CRF schedules
b. FR schedules
c. FI schedules
d. VR schedules
Which behavior may serve to gain a tangible object?
a. reading quietly
b. banging a pencil
c. taking notes
d. all of the above
Ms. Harper wants to increase John’s behavior of sharing during circle time. Each time
Ms. Harper observes John sharing she provides him with a token and his behavior
increased.
What type of reinforcement is Ms. Harper using?
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. differential reinforcement of other behavior
d. differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
Pairing stimuli so that an unconditioned stimulus elicits a response is known as all of
the following EXCEPT:
a. Pavlovian
b. classical
c. respondent conditioning
d. shaping
“When the bell rang, it took Blake 11 minutes to get to his next class” is an example of
what behavioral dimension?
a. Duration
b. Frequency
c. Latency
d. Rate
In ____________, students compare their work against some standard of performance.
a. self-recording
b. self-evaluation
c. self-reinforcement
d. self-instruction
A relationship among events in which the rate of a behavior’s occurrence increases
when some environmental condition is removed is:
a. differential reinforcement
b. reinforcement
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
The symbol for positive reinforcement is
a. SR-
b. SR+
c. SD
d. SR
A teacher measured Jane’s out of seat behavior during reading, music, and math periods.
The appropriate design for use in this instance was:
a. multiple baseline design
b. alternating treatments design
c. reversal design
d. changing criterion design
Verbal structure should include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. specificity
b. economy
c. consequences
d. reinforcement
The behavioral dimension determined when you measure the length of time between
instructions to perform it and the occurrence of the behavior is known as:
a. Latency
a. Duration
c. Frequency
d. Rate
Information concerning a child’s brain damage:
a. can be useful in the teacher’s selection of behavior management techniques
b. helps teachers determine who should be in school and who should not
c. can cause teachers to have low expectations of students and give them excuses not to
teach
d. none of the above
Effective use of teacher praise requires that:
a. praise be delivered contingent on performance of the target behavior
b. praise should specify the behavior being reinforced
c. praise should be sincere with the teacher varying tone and content
d. all of the above
John has been learning to write his name. During each presentation the teacher has him
write each letter in his name once. Which of the following would his teacher use to
report his data?
a. number of items
b. percentage of items
c. rate of items
d. none of the above
Self-recording appears to be most effective in:
a. identifying necessary variations in intervention
b. maintaining behavior changes resulting from traditional, teacher-managed strategies
c. determining antecedents to behavior change
d. increasing task fluency and the rate at which reinforcers are delivered
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate means for assessing social validity?
a. Questionnaires
b. Interviews
c. Behavioral observations
d. Surveys
The intervention being used to facilitate a behavior change is known as
a. Dependent variable
b. Independent variable
c. Confounding variable
d. Intervention variable
Which symbol is associated with a lack of reinforcement?
a. SΔ
b. SD
c. SR+
d. SR-
What is reinforcing to a student depends on
a. reinforcement history
b. temperament on an intervention day
c. age appropriateness of the reinforcer
d. a and c only
What is the major purpose of applied behavior analysis?
a. to provide a process of systematically applying specific principles to facilitate
behavior change
b. to provide a systematic means of determining whether changes in behavior may be
attributed to the application of behavioral principles.
c. none of the above
d. both a and b
A ______ is a class of stimuli that have characteristics in common.
a. Prompt hierarchy
b. Shape
c. SD
d. Concept
Who is associated or responsible for the use of the term “behaviorism?”
a. Skinner
b. Watson
c. Darwin
d. Pavlov
“Jack can”t learn because he has Down syndrome” is an example of what explanation of
behavior?
a. biophysical explanation
b. developmental explanation
c. cognitive explanation
d. behavioral explanation
For an explanation of behavior to have predictive utility it must
a. account for a substantial quantity of behavior
b. be testable
c. provide the simplest explanation
d. provide reliable answers about what people are likely to do under certain
circumstances
When structuring the physical arrangement of the classroom one must consider:
a. observation of all students
b. physical spacing of students
c. delineation of work areas
d. all of the above
Ms. Markham is concerned about Peter’s arithmetic computation and work completion
behaviors. The appropriate design for use in this instance is:
a. changing criterion design
b. changing conditions design
c. reversal design
d. multiple baseline design
Direct observation strategies used during a functional assessment include all of the
following EXCEPT:
a. scatter plot
b. anecdotal reports
c. A-B-C data analysis
d. behavior rating scales
A vertical dashed line is used to:
a. connect data points
b. separate conditions
c. draw the axes
d. all of the above
Cheryl was learning to place a food order when at a local restaurant. During her
training period, Cheryl was taught to make her selection when asked, “May I take your
order.” However, when at the local restaurant Cheryl did not respond with her food
order when asked, “What can I get you.” Cheryl demonstrated a lack of
______________________.
a. response generalization
b. stimulus generalization
c. response maintenance
d. A and B only
Differentiate between informed consent and voluntary consent.
List and briefly describe the components of rules that will assist in facilitating their
effectiveness.
Define shaping. Give a brief example of a shaping procedure.
Select one self recording strategy and give an example of its use.
Differentiate between rules and procedures. Provide an example of each.
Which of the following statements is true?
a It is unethical to believe that any child is not capable of learning academic and
preacademic skills.
b. It is unethical to waste the time of students for whom there is clear evidence that they
are not capable of mastering traditional academics.
c. It is unethical not to consider the particular environment in which an individual lives
when making decisions about the skills to be taught.
d. All of the above.
Compare and contrast two strategies for training generalization. Describe how these
might be used.
Discuss the difference between a teaching design and a research design.
Describe the three purposes for graphs.
Agree or disagree with the following statement, “Carr (1996) suggested that we modify
our language even more drastically when addressing the general public, including
parents and educators who are not behavior analysis” (p. 388). Provide examples to
support your viewpoint.
Educational goals for individual students must be developed on the basis of evaluation
data and other factors.
Briefly list 3 of these other factors.
Define what is meant by the statement “the relationship between behavior and the
environment is reciprocal”. Give an example.
List four factors that appear to influence the effectiveness of self instruction.
Describe the difference between a token system and a levels system.
Discuss the benefits to using a bar graph and a cumulative graph.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for teaching generalization when students are
fully served in general education classroom settings.
A teacher cannot state with certainty in advance what will or will not be a positive
reinforcer for a particular student. Explain.
For students with disabilities, IDEA requires that students receive services in the least
restrictive environment (LRE). What is meant by least restrictive environment? Explain
how LRE fits into a therapeutic environment.