When using backward chaining, the last component is taught first, and other
components are added one at a time.
The classroom appearance should be attractive.
A response that occurs in the presence of an SD is said to be under stimulus control.
Latency recording is used when the teacher is concerned with the length of time a
student engages in a particular behavior.
The pace of instruction should be brisk.
No more than five different data paths should be plotted on a single graph.
While modeling a self instruction strategy, the teacher should sometimes purposefully
make an error in her approach to solving a problem.
The time dimension is indicated along the abscissa of a graph.
Tokens are not appropriate for lower functioning students.
Contracting is placing the contingency for reinforcement into written or verbal
agreement.
The basic AB design does not provide for the replication within an experiment that
establishes a functional relation between the independent and dependent variables.
When teaching a student to perform a new behavior, it is NOT necessary to teach every
example of a response class that we want students to perform.
“Good job, Max!” is an example of a consequent stimulus.
Applied behavior analysis may be defined as the process of applying behavioral
principles to improve behaviors while simultaneously evaluating whether noted changes
may be attributed to the application of those principles.
Behavior analysis has the power to remove the ability of the individual to choose
alternative responses.
As long as teachers gain administrative approval, exclusionary time-out would be
considered appropriate to use with a student who is engaged in inappropriate behaviors.
Reflexive behaviors that are not under voluntary control are associated with operant
conditioning.
A parsimonious explanation of behavior includes explanations distant from observed
behavior and its relationship to the environment.
The ordinate scale shows how frequently data were collected during the period
represented on the graph.
Behavioral approaches are less difficult to implement than most other procedures.
In classrooms self punishment has been used for the administration of aversive stimuli.
DRO reinforces the opposite of the target behavior.
The term “behavior modification” refers ONLY to procedures derived from the
experimental analysis of human behavior.
The use of primary reinforcers facilitates the rapid acquisition of desired behaviors.
A response may be generalized over time, across settings, and across behaviors.
Response-coast may maximize a student’s fear of failure.
An unexpected event is often referred to as a confounding variable.
A continuity break in a data path is used when there is a break in the expected sequence
of intervention.
DRI reinforces a behavior that is inconsequential to the target behavior.
In terms of making the closest representation of the actual occurrence of a behavior,
time sampling is the most exact.
Self management procedures are unnatural.
The behavior to be changed is the dependent variable.
Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO) requires that reinforcement be
delivered if the student does not perform the target behavior, no matter what else he
does.
The factor that differentiates between exclusionary and nonexclusionary time out
procedures is removal from the instructional setting to a separate room.
A positive reinforcer is also an antecedent stimulus.
A teacher and a paraprofessional observed a student in class using a new computer
program simulation. Using 20 second intervals they recorded the data which appears
below. These data are in sufficient agreement for a behavior change program to begin.
(T) X X X O X X O O X O
(P) X O X O X O O O X X
The process of pinpointing behavior refines a broad generalization into:
a. generic, observable and measurable behavior
b. specific, observable and measurable behavior
c. schedule, specific and observable behavior
d. natural, measurable and specific behavior
The relationship between behavior and the environment is:
a. unilateral
b. reciprocal
c. parallel
d. linear
The change agent who is available across all times and settings is:
a. the teacher
b. the student’s parent
c. the student
d. none of the above
__________ and _________ recording focus on a temporal rather than a numerical
dimension of behavior.
a. Duration and latency
b. Interval and time sampling
c. Event and Interval
d. None of the above
Teachers often miss the function of a behavior because they are preoccupied with a
behavior’s ____________.
a. Frequency
b. Topography
c. Latency
d. Rate
The ABAB design is also known as the
a. Multiple Baseline Design
b. Changing Criterion Design
c. Alternating Treatment Design
d. Reversal Design
Cheryl was learning to place a food order when at a local restaurant. During her
training period, Cheryl was taught to make her selection when asked, “May I take your
order.” However, when at the local restaurant Cheryl did not respond with her food
order when asked, “What can I get you.” Cheryl demonstrated a lack of
______________________.
a. response generalization
b. stimulus generalization
c. response maintenance
d. A and B only
__________ is a measurement of how long a student engages in a behavior.
a. Duration
b. Latency
c. Frequency
d. Locus
A driver is taught to push the accelerator when the traffic light turns green. While at
work, she opens the dishwasher door, only when the light turns green. This is an
example of:
a. Stimulus generalization
b. Response maintenance
c. Behavioral persistence
d. Response generalization
The _________ of behavior is its intensity.
a. Rate
b. Locus
c. Latency
d. Force
The following procedures should be administered only under the supervision of a
qualified instructor:
a. shaping
b. aversives
c. exclusion
d. all of the above
During a ______ schedule, if inappropriate behavior is attempted the performance of
the inappropriate behavior is ignored and an alternative behavior reinforced or
performance of an inappropriate behavior is interrupted and redirected toward the
appropriate behavior.
a. DRL
b. DRI
c. DRO
d. DRA
When a student is given a pleasant consequence to a behavior and it results in an
increase in the behavior’s rate of occurrence, what behavioral principle is being used?
a. Negative Reinforcement
b. Positive Reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Stimulus control
The __________ of behavior describes where it occurs.
a. Force
b. Locus
c. Latency
d. Topography
All of the following are useful generalizations from the emerging literature on
functional assessment analysis EXCEPT:
a. for many students, inappropriate behavior leads to escape from aversive tasks or
situations
b. all inappropriate behavior can be decreased or eliminated by teaching a
functionally equivalent, appropriate behavior
c. much inappropriate behavior serves a communicative function
d. much inappropriate behavior is occasioned by high demand situations
__________ refers to the researcher’s efforts to ensure that changes in the dependent
variable are directly related to manipulations of the independent variable.
a. Baseline
b. Experimental control
c. Repeated measurement
d. None of the above
Continuous reinforcement schedules are most useful during which phase of learning?
a. Acquisition
b. Fluency
c. Generalization
d. All of the above
The focus of the behavioral approach is:
a. observing and predicting
b. facilitating behavior change
c. recording and verifying aberrant behaviors
d. all of the above
Voluntary participation is facilitated by:
a. avoiding threats and incentives that are too powerful
b. involving the subjects of the program in selecting as few aspects of the program as
possible
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
When parents or teachers react to inappropriate behavior by offering a student various
items or activities until the inappropriate behavior stops, they risk maintaining the
inappropriate behavior with:
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. extinction
d. punishment
What kind of prompt is being used in the following example: Miss Clark holds
Melissa’s hand to cross the street.
a. Modeling
b. Physical Guidance
c. Verbal Prompt
d. Visual Prompt
All of the following refer to maintenance EXCEPT:
a. resistance to extinction
b. behavioral perspective
c. durability
d. transfer of training
One of the most common forms of self-punishment includes _______________.
a. response cost with a token reinforcement systems
b. self-injurious behavior
c. stereotypic behavior
d. none of the above
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate means for assessing social validity?
a. Questionnaires
b. Interviews
c. Behavioral observations
d. Surveys
Voluntary participation in a behavior-change program must be:
a. informed
b. voluntary
c. both a and b
d. none of the above
Cole has difficulty making it to the bus stop on time each school morning. His parents
purchased him a new alarm clock that sounds promptly at 6:15 a.m.. Cole has yet to fail
to get out of bed once his alarm has sounded. However, 45 minutes does not seem to be
enough time for Cole to eat breakfast and get ready for school. Cole’s parents have
decided that he probably needs to get up earlier. What recording procedure could
his parents use to determine how much earlier to set the alarm clock?
a. Time sampling
b. Interval recording
c. Event recording
d. Latency recording
Mr. Hughes was stopped by the police for emptying his ashtray on roadway as he was
driving at 35 m.p.h. The judge sentenced Mr. Hughes to an entire weekend of picking
up trash on the side of the road. This is an example of:
a. A conditioned aversive stimulus
b. Positive-practice overcorrection
c. Restitutional overcorrection
d. Response-cost
A model’s effectiveness may be positively influenced by:
a. high status
b. differences between model and students
c. behavior modeled without reinforcement
d. none of the above
Requiring a student to use a method, concept, or theory in various concrete situations
require what level of learning?
a. Comprehension
b. Synthesis
c. Application
d. Evaluation
Using a homework assignment check list, Dakota checks off each homework
assignment he completes. What self-management procedure is Dakota using?
a. Self-recording
b. Self-instruction
c. Self-evaluation
d. Self-reinforcement
___________ is a form of time out in which the student is moved to the edge of the
activity so that he/she can still observe other students engage in appropriate behavior
and receive reinforcement.
a. time-out ribbon
b. contingent observation
c. nonexclusion time-out
d. all of the above
Which of the following influenced the behaviorist movement?
a. cognitivism
b. functionalism
c. constructivism
d. none of the above
When teaching students to self-record you should include all of the following
EXCEPT:
a. selection of target behavior
b. operational definition of target behavior
c. selection of appropriate data collection system
d. teacher recording of target behavior
All of the following are procedures designed to reduce inappropriate behaviors
EXCEPT:
a. noncontingent reinforcement
b. DRO
c. negative reinforcement
d. none of the above
Which component is missing from the following objective? “Jason will fill the ice cube
tray independently during 4 out of 5 sessions.”
a. Learner
b. Target behavior
c. Condition
d. Criteria for acceptable performance
Discuss some of the limitations to using activity reinforcers.
Describe the sequence for developing a Behavior Support Plan.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to using a multiple baseline design.
Ms. Sims was having difficulty getting Tia to sit during morning circle. She decided
that she would reinforce Tia’s attempts to sit during circle time. She began by
reinforcing Tia when she was standing next to her chair, then when she had one knee on
her chair. She continued this process until Tia remained seated during morning circle
time. Ms. Sims employed which the following behavioral techniques?
a. modeling
b. shaping
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative reinforcement
Describe 3 ways to prevent reinforcer satiation.
This level of learning requires students to use a concept in various settings or situations.
a. generalization
b. application
c. acquisition
d. analysis
Briefly discuss the importance of adequate training for persons who implement applied
behavior analysis procedures.
Discuss the benefits to using a bar graph and a cumulative graph.
Draw a single subject design with hypothetical data and indicate where one would focus
in order to determine whether a functional relationship exists.
Give a brief explanation of the rationale involved in providing generalization training.
Who should provide it?
Meichenbaum has detailed a five-step procedure for self instruction. List the five steps
in this procedure.
Define shaping. Give a brief example of a shaping procedure.
Discuss some advantages and disadvantages to using negative reinforcement.
List and explain three rights of individuals who are recipients of behavioral change
programs as proposed by the American Association for Behavior Analysis.
Why are experimental designs important in applied behavior analysis?
List and explain four of the problems associated with extinction.