The letter “D” indicates
a. a continuous data path
b. a continuity break
c. the abscissa
d. the beginning point of the ordinate scale
The first step in self-instruction involves:
a. an adult modeling the procedure while overtly talking through each step
b. a student completing the steps following an adults directions
c. a student completes the steps following picture prompts
d. none of the above
Paige is learning her multiplication facts. During instruction her teacher reinforces an
average of every third correct response. Paige is on a ________ schedule of
reinforcement.
a. FI3
b. FR3
c. VI3
d. VR3
The principle of discrimination associated with positive reinforcement is
a. SΔ
b. SD
c. SR+
d. SR-
Behaviorists are LEAST concerned with the following:
a. functional relation
b. observable behaviors
c. present events
d. past events
Which of the following is not a condition examined during a functional analysis?
a. attention
b. sleep
c. demand
d. play
____________ is calculated by dividing the number of times a behavior occurred by the
length of the observation period.
a. Frequency
b. Latency
c. Duration
d. Rate
All of the following are procedures designed to reduce inappropriate behaviors
EXCEPT:
a. noncontingent reinforcement
b. DRO
c. negative reinforcement
d. none of the above
Which is considered a proprioceptive primary reinforcer?
a. colored lights twinkling
b. the smell of cinnamon rolls baking
c. music playing softly
d. swinging in a swing
Conversion to rate data is required when the teacher is concerned with
a. topography
b. averaging performance scores
c. both accuracy and speed
d. percent of intervals
The schedule of reinforcement that is least resistant to extinction is:
a. CRF
b. FI
c. VR
d. VRD
To determine the most effective intervention for a behavior, it is necessary to analyze:
a. Antecedents and Behaviors
b. Behaviors and Consequences
c. Consequences and Antecedents
d. Antecedents only
_____________ is a naturally occurring phenomenon.
a. Time out
b. Reinforcement
c. Contingency contracting
d. Response cost
Functional communication training (FCT) is the teaching of an appropriate
communication form to reduce an inappropriate behavior which serves a
communicative intent. This is an example of which behavior reduction procedure?
a. DRA
b. DRO
c. DRL
d. DRI
It takes Karen 30 minutes to complete 20 multiplication examples. Her teacher wants
this reduced to 15 minutes. The most appropriate design for this example is:
a. reversal design
b. multiple baseline design
c. changing criterion design
d. AB design
When Dolores screams, her mother picks her up and holds her close. “Picking up and
holding Dolores close” is considered the:
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Uncontrolled variable
d. Confounding variable
The following procedures should be administered only under the supervision of a
qualified instructor:
a. shaping
b. aversives
c. exclusion
d. all of the above
Cole has difficulty making it to the bus stop on time each school morning. His parents
purchased him a new alarm clock that sounds promptly at 6:15 a.m.. Cole has yet to fail
to get out of bed once his alarm has sounded. However, 45 minutes does not seem to be
enough time for Cole to eat breakfast and get ready for school. Cole’s parents have
decided that he probably needs to get up earlier. What recording procedure could his
parents use to determine how much earlier to set the alarm clock?
a. Time sampling
b. Interval recording
c. Event recording
d. Latency recording
Replication effect can be seen in a reversal design in the:
a. first and second phases
b. third and fourth phases
c. first and third phases
d. second and fourth phases
What kind of prompt is being used in the following example: Mr. Kelly posts
the homework assignment directions on the board for his math class.
a. Modeling
b. Physical Guidance
c. Visual prompt
d. Verbal Prompt
Successful approaches to controlling reinforcing consequences delivered by peers
include:
a. reinforcing peers for withholding attention
b. training high status peers in reinforcing appropriate behaviors
c. attending to peer being aggressed while ignoring aggressor
d. all of the above
Which of the following components would be represented on the abscissa?
a. number of sessions
b. number of inappropriate behaviors
c. percentage of call outs
d. none of the above
Ms. Tammy’s self-contained class was working on a hygiene regiment, including
brushing teeth.
Three of the five students required significant instructions for brushing teeth. Ms.
Tammy created a step-by-step breakdown of the procedures and decided to start off
providing physical guidance and gradually reduce the prompt level.
The instructional procedure used was ____________________.
a. least-to-most prompts
b. time delay
c. most-to-least prompts
d. graduated guidance
When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced and its rate of
occurrence decreases, what behavioral principle is being used?
a. Punishment
b. Positive Reinforcement
c. Positive Punishment
d. Extinction
Each time George puts a quarter in the gumball machine, he receives a gumball. George
is on what schedule of
reinforcement?
a. CRF
b. FI
c. VR
d. VRD
Jay is allowed to use his augmentative communication device only during break, lunch,
and leisure time. According to his teacher, when his device is used during instructional
time, it is distracting to other students. Which ethical rule has Jay’s teacher ignored?
a. The right to a therapeutic environment
b. The right to treatment by a competent behavior analyst
c. The right to the most effective treatment procedures available
d. The right to services whose overriding goal is personal welfare
Time sampling would be the most appropriate method for recording which behavior?
a. hitting others
b. a student raising his hand
c. wandering around classroom/out-of-seat
d. answering a ringing telephone
Which of the following would be an example of a long-term educational goal for
a student with a severe disability?
a. demonstrate knowledge of how to solve an algebraic equation
b. decrease out-of-seat behavior
c. point to the largest item in an array for three consecutive sessions
d. both b and c
A positive reinforcer is a consequence stimulus which:
a. increases the future rate, is delivered contingently and immediately following a
desired behavior
b. maintains constant rates, and is delivered consequently
c. decreases a behavior, is delivered contingently and immediately following a behavior.
d. maintains rate of a behavior, is delivered contingently and immediately following a
desired behavior
John is sent to time-out for refusing to sit quietly during circle time. Here, the teacher is
using what level option for reducing inappropriate behaviors?
a. Level I
b. Level II
c. Level III
d. Level IV
When selecting an incompatible or alternative behavior to use in a differential
reinforcement procedure:
a. it is better if the behavior is already in the student’s repertoire
b. the functional intent of the behavior should be analyzed
c. the alternative behavior should be one that can be reinforced frequently
d. all of the above
The _________ of behavior is its intensity.
a. Rate
b. Locus
c. Latency
d. Force
Mrs. Jones has repeatedly attempted to reduce Jonathon’s behavior of rushing through
his
daily worksheets. His behavior results in increased errors as well as illegible
handwriting on his worksheets. Mrs. Jones decided to reinforce Jonathon every time he
turns in a neatly printed worksheet. Which of the following procedures has Mrs. Jones
employed?
a. DRO
b. positive reinforcement
c. extinction
d. DRL
Which of the following is not an appropriate target behavior for an objective?
a. Understand the value of coins
b. Point to the correct algebraic formula
c. Increase the number of times student raises her hand during a 30-minute lesson
d. Independently operate a microwave oven
One disadvantage of an AB design is:
a. it cannot evaluate performance over time
b. it does not require a baseline
c. it has only a nondescriptive function
d. it does not allow for determining a functional relation
Define noncontingent reinforcement and list the disadvantages of this behavior
reduction strategy.
Discuss four ways in which one can facilitate transfer of behaviors to reinforcement
contingencies in the natural environment.