According to learning theories, even corporate executives may be exposed to
procriminal definitions and learn to neutralize moral constraints.
a. True
b. False
Because crime rates are higher in lower-class areas, many criminologists believe that
the causes of crime are rooted in socioeconomic factors.
a. True
b. False
Ponzi schemes are named after famed criminal Arthur Ponzirelle.
a. True
b. False
Social control theory suggests that ______.
a. crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken
b. only males have significant potential to become criminals
c. crime is a learned behavior
d. people become criminals when significant members of society label them as such
What shortcoming in the UCR is addressed by the National Crime Victimization
Survey?
a. The “Sampling Rule”
b. The nonclearance issue
c. The “Hierarchy Rule”
d. The nonreporting issue
Of the overall costs associated with drug and alcohol abuse, tobacco ranks first, ahead
of alcohol and illicit drug use.
a. True
b. False
Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is a contention of opponents of pornography?
a. Pornography has increased racism in the United States.
b. Pornography is allowable if sold only in adult book stores.
c. Pornography serves to encourage women to enter pornographic industries.
d. Pornography degrades both the people who are participants and the public who are
sometimes forced to see it.
Police assume which role in the criminal justice system?
a. Apprehending suspects
b. Advocates for victims
c. Sentencing defendants
d. Incarcerating the guilty
Which victimization theory claims that victims may initiate, either actively or passively,
the confrontation that leads to their victimization?
a. Victim precipitation theory
b. Deviant place theory
c. Victim impulsivity theory
d. Routine activities theory
A crime becomes a deviant act when it is deemed by lawmakers as socially harmful or
dangerous.
a. True
b. False
Social structure theories suggest that social and economic forces operating in
deteriorated lower-class areas push many area residents into criminal behavior patterns.
a. True
b. False
According to the research on chronic offenders, punishment was ___________ related
to chronic offending.
a. conditionally
b. contrapositively
c. conversely
d. inversely
Which theory focuses on the urban conditions, such as high unemployment and school
dropout rates, to explain crime?
a. Strain theory
b. Social disorganization theory
c. Cultural deviance theory
d. General strain theory
Organized crime in the United States is a local commodity, controlled by five Mafia
families in New York, Pittsburgh, Miami, Chicago, and Seattle.
a. True
b. False
Transnational organized crime is a conspiratorial activity, involving the coordination of
numerous people in the planning and execution of illegal acts or in the pursuit of a
legitimate objective by unlawful means.
a. True
b. False
According to Lemert, __________ involves norm violations or crimes that have little
influence on the actor and, therefore, can be quickly forgotten.
a. primary deviance
b. secondary deviance
c. all criminal behavior
d. a moral lapse
Obscenity is derived from the Latin word caenum that means _____________.
a. perversion
b. filth
c. illegal
d. twisted
Research shows that both men and women have a greater likelihood of arrest when
divorced compared with when they were married.
a. True
b. False
Bernard Madoff has been referred to as the greatest ____ of all time.
a. influence peddler
b. pilferer
c. exploiter
d. Ponzi schemer
Diffusion of benefits occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent
another.
a. True
b. False
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school
but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going
to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than
furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making
minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred
is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
In regard to the term diffusion, what might influence Fred to move to a different
community to commit his burglaries?
a. A lack of suitable targets to burglarize
b. Increased police patrols in the neighborhood
c. Other burglars moving into the area
d. Fred becoming recognizable in the area
General strain theory is not purely a structural theory because it focuses on how life
events influence behavior.
a. True
b. False
According to Nobel Prize”winning economist Gary Becker, criminals engage in a(n)
__________ analysis of crime.
a. thrill-danger
b. irrational -unstable
c. lower-class
d. cost-benefit
Evidence indicates that kiddie porn is not linked to child abuse.
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is notone of the significant life-changing events that reduces
criminality, according to Laub and Sampson?
a. Buying a car
b. Joining the military
c. Getting married
d. Getting a job
Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by “appealing to higher loyalties.” Which
of the following would be an example of that technique?
a. Vandalizing the home of a disliked neighbor
b. Attacking someone who is arguing with a friend
c. Stealing from a large department store that “has plenty of money”
d. Blaming the police for being unfair
Workplace violence is the third leading cause of occupational injury or death. Who is
the typical offender in incidents of workplace violence?
a. A middle-aged white male facing termination
b. A middle-aged white female facing termination
c. A middle-aged black female facing termination
d. A middle-aged black male facing termination
What happens when crime control efforts targeting a particular locale help reduce crime
in surrounding areas and populations?
a. Diffusion
b. Discouragement
c. Displacement
d. Replacement
Martha is upset at Catherine over the dinner bill the night before. Martha believes
Catherine should have split the bill but she failed to pay any portion. Martha and
Catherine work together at a local telemarketing center and Martha sneaks to
Catherine’s desk to take $20 from her purse. In terms of larcenies, this would be
______.
a. petty larceny
b. constructive larceny
c. grand larceny
d. destructive larceny
The major premise of the biochemical theory is that ______.
a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of
which make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime
b. the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children
c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment
d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies
Compare and contrast the drugs and crime relationship. In your answer, defend whether
you believe drug use causes crime, crime causes drug use, or another explanation is
more plausible. Explain your answer.
Answer:Answers will vary
Homicide without malice is known as ______.
Why is the association between IQ/intelligence and crime so controversial?
Answer:Answers will vary.
Compare and contrast the pros and cons of the USA Patriot Act.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Explain how violence and abuse are linked to future criminal behavior.
Answer:Answers will vary.
The struggle for power in society is often referred to as _________________; better
defined as human behavior in social contexts results from conflicts between competing
groups.
Armed military bands known as _______________, typically are located in rural areas
and use hit-and-run terror tactics to destabilize the existing government.
What do the UCR and NCVS indicate about the recent trends in crime rates? Include
violent and property crimes in your response.
Answer:Answers will vary.
Discuss how dropping out of high school is associated with delinquency and crime.
Answer:Answers will vary
Some sexual practices cause social harm and are outlawed and subject to state control.
Identify and discuss these outlawed forms of deviant sexuality.
Answer:Answers will vary
__________________ crime refers to any illegal acts that are designed to undermine an
existing government and threaten its survival.
Discuss the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on crime victims, and
explain how PTSD can lead to a “cycle of violence.”
Answer:Answers will vary.
The concept of _______________ suggests that life events have a significant influence
on future development.
Identify and discuss the principles of life course theories.
Answer:Answers will vary
A scenario, referred to as the _________________________ scenario, argues that
torture can perhaps be justified if the government discovers that a captured terrorist
knows the whereabouts of an explosive device.