a.
rule assessment
b.
fuzzy-trace
c.
autobiographical
d.
constraint-seeking
55. According to Siegler’s “overlapping waves theory,” cognitive development is best conceptualized as
a.
random in nature.
b.
a set of stages.
c.
controlled by unconscious factors.
d.
a process of variability, choice, and changes.
56. Because she believes in overlapping waves theory, Flavia would most likely argue that her six-year-old daughter,
Estella,
a.
b.
c.
d.
57. Randy is a typical six-year-old and his brother Mark is a typical 16-year-old. How do their information processing
skills most likely differ on a memory task?
a.
Randy will be able to learn more than Mark if both are given extra time to study for the task.
b.
Randy will be more likely to utilize deliberate strategies while Mark will rely on unconscious strategies.
c.
Mark will recall both more relevant information and task-irrelevant information.
d.
Mark will recall more relevant information and is less likely to recall task-irrelevant information.
58. As a typical college student, research indicates that Hanna would be most likely to shift her focus to _____ if she
suddenly found herself pressed for time when studying for an exam.
a.
difficult material
b.
easy material
c.
semantic material
d.
visual material
59. Which high school student is most likely to utilize metacognitive strategies?
a.
Ronnie, a boy from a high-income household
b.
Dawn, a girl from a low-income household
c.
Sid, a boy from a low-income household
d.
Cassie, a girl from a high-income household
60. Rajan has practiced until he is able to remember the population of every country in the world. This ability will most
likely
a.
increase Rajan’s ability to learn foreign words.
b.
have little impact on cognitive abilities unrelated to populations.
c.
disrupt his autobiographical memories.
d.
enhance the size of his sensory register.
61. Research on autobiographical memory in adulthood has shown that the more _____ an event, the better it will later be
recalled.
a.
distant
b.
emotional
c.
negative
d.
unique
62. As a typical 80-year-old, Irving would have the greatest number of autobiographical memories from his
a.
early childhood.
b.
teens and 20s.
c.
30s and 40s.
d.
50s and 60s.
63. With which of the following tasks would older adults have the LEAST problems?
a.
A memory task where the material is unfamiliar
b.
A task where they are asked to recall rather than recognize names
c.
A memory task where they can use well-practiced memory strategies
d.
A timed memory task
64. Which statement is true regarding recall memory and recognition memory in elderly adults?
a.
They are likely to be more deficient in recall than in recognition memory.
b.
They are likely to be more deficient in recognition than in recall memory.
c.
They are likely to be equally deficient in both types of memory.
d.
Neither type of memory diminishes with age (except in extreme cases).
65. Which combinations of memory tasks would prove most difficult to the average older individual?
a.
Exercised and implicit
b.
Unexercised and implicit
c.
Exercised and explicit
d.
Unexercised and explicit
66. Which statement is accurate about memory strategies and basic processing capacities as one ages?
a.
Verbal knowledge begins to show a steep decline beginning around age 50.
b.
Holding negative stereotypes concerning memory ability actually leads to improved memory abilities in older
adulthood.
c.
Memory problems in adulthood are more likely the result of original encoding and not retrieval.
d.
Limitations in working memory in older adulthood may be due to the slowing of the nervous system.
67. Farouk is playing a game of “20 Questions” in which he has to try and guess what his friend Matthew is thinking
about. Which of Farouk’s inquiries would best exemplify a constraint-seeking question?
a.
“Is it an animal?”
b.
“Is it green?”
c.
“Is it a frog?”
d.
“Is it a green frog?”
68. On an everyday problem such as what to do if you cannot pay your electric bill, _____ tend to out-perform other
groups.
a.
teenagers
b.
young adults
c.
middle-aged adults
d.
elderly adults
69. Seventy-year-old Qing decides that he cannot remain effective at all types of gambling so he decides to focus only on
blackjack, with the hopes that this narrow focus will allow him to perform better in this one area. According to the SOC
approach, Qing’s decision to abandon other forms of gambling represents
a.
selection.
b.
optimization.
c.
compensation.
d.
plasticity.
70. What characteristic distinguishes the three components of the information-processing model of memory?
a.
content
b.
duration
c.
sensory input
d.
neural region
71. While walking downtown, Cherie turns a corner and sees a man juggling on stilts. What determines whether this
sensory input will be moved to Cherie’s short-term memory?
a.
its visual interest
b.
its perceived value
c.
its emotional content
d.
its rehearsal stage
72. Fred is making his famous French pastries for a friend’s upcoming party. Because the pastries must be perfect, Fred
needs to do remember to do each step of the complicated recipe in order. What part of Fred’s memory will work on this
aspect of baking?
a.
phonological loop
b.
rehearsal module
c.
visual-spatial sketchpad
d.
episodic buffer
73. Thuy hears a song on the car radio and immediately knows that it will be perfect for her wedding. Once she finds a
boyfriend, she will remember the song and play it for him. What part of Thuy’s working memory is processing the song
before it goes into her long-term memory?
a.
phonological loop
b.
rehearsal module
c.
visual-spatial sketchpad
d.
episodic buffer
74. Prior to entering short-term memory, the information gathered by our senses is ________.
a.
categorized
b.
enhanced
c.
filtered
d.
traced
75. On Wednesdays, when he has three long classes, Delroy always takes a long nap after he gets home. What happens
during Delroy’s nap to help him retain all the knowledge from the days’ classes?
a.
metacognition
b.
mediation
c.
consolidation
d.
compensation
76. After every class, Nina takes a few minutes to go over her notes and highlight key points from the lecture. By doing
this, Nina is helping to facilitate which memory process?
a.
medial buffering
b.
systemic consolidation
c.
executive buffering
d.
synaptic consolidation
77. Which of the following terms best reflects the process by which humans store memories?
a.
universal
b.
subjective
c.
standardized
d.
random
78. Which of the following processes would the episodic buffer perform?
a.
create links between the sights and sounds of experiences
b.
record the sound of experiences into manageable chunks
c.
determine the emotional intensity of sensory experiences
d.
assign experiences as implicit or explicit memory content
79. Since her car accident, Rachel forgets things immediately after they happen. She can watch a movie and right
afterwards forget that she saw it. A psychologist would diagnose Rachel as having ________.
a.
retrograde amnesia
b.
anterograde amnesia
c.
episodic amnesia
d.
attenuated amnesia
80. To solve problems, people must be able to both ________ information.
a.
encode and buffer
b.
consolidate and trace
c.
retrieve and manipulate
d.
select and recall
81. An electrician trying to figure out the wiring in an old house will use a different cognitive approach than a rock
climber trying to figure out how to scale a difficult cliff. This demonstrates the influence of ________ on problem solving
processes.
a.
education
b.
domain
c.
risk
d.
scripts
82. If a six-month old infant could speak, what would it say to confirm the presence of memory in a habituation
experiment?
a.
“I know this thing should be over here.”
b.
“Whoa, what is this amazing sight?”
c.
“Who cares? I’ve seen this thing before.”
d.
“No matter how often I see this, it grabs me.”
83. Rovee-Collier’s ribbon experiment demonstrated the value of which memory strategy that is valid for adults?
a.
deferred imitation
b.
distributed practice
c.
fuzzy tracing
d.
parallel processing
84. Which of the following becomes less important to memory retrieval when children reach age 2?
a.
sensory encoding
b.
exposure cues
c.
language awareness
d.
logical ordering
85. From a biological perspective, children’s ability to ________ information improves due to maturation of the
________.
a.
consolidate, prefrontal cortex
b.
retrieve; hippocampus
c.
manipulate; hippocampus
d.
encode; prefrontal cortex
86. In terms of biological factors, children’s ability to ________ information improves due to maturation of the ________.
a.
consolidate, hippocampus
b.
encode; medulla
c.
manipulate; amygdala
d.
retrieve; hypothalamus
87. When he was young, Ivan was able to juggle only a couple things in his working memory. But now that he’s older he
can manage many more bits of information at one time. What has enabled Ivan’s working memory to become more
productive and efficient?
a.
tighter synapses
b.
more myelin
c.
larger capacity
d.
expanded rehearsal