(Henslin 12e Test Bank) (6—1)
Henslin, Essentials of Sociology, 12th Edition, Test Bank
Chapter 6: Deviance and Social Control
Multiple-Choice Questions
TB_Q6.1.1
_____ is the violation of norms.
a. Negative sanction
b. Deviance
c. Social control
d. Stigma
TB_Q6.1.2
_____ violate(s) rules that are written into law.
a. Crime
b. Deviance
c. Personality disorders
d. Social order
TB_Q6.1.3
_____ refers to blemishes that discredit a person’s claim to a “normal” identity.
a. Crime
b. Norm
c. Deviance
d. Stigma
(Henslin 12e Test Bank) (6—2)
TB_Q6.1.4
A group’s _____, or customary social arrangements, is brought about by norms.
a. social order
b. deviance
c. crime
d. stigma
TB_Q6.1.5
Because deviance undermines predictability, a system of _____ was developed to enforce the
norms.
a. street crime
b. sociology
c. social control
d. assumption reinforcement
TB_Q6.1.6
Ted gave a talk to his high school class that was laced with humor and understanding and
showed that he really grasped the important points in the history of the French Revolution, which
(Henslin 12e Test Bank) (6—3)
was what his history class was studying. When he was finished, Ted was praised by his teacher
as well as by several classmates. The praise was an example of a
a. norm.
b. positive sanction.
c. stigmatization.
d. negative sanction.
TB_Q6.1.7
The motorcycle policeman appeared out of nowhere and pulled Teresa over for speeding. He was
friendly and businesslike as he stood by Teresa’s open window and issued her a $250 ticket. This
is an example of a
a. negative sanction.
b. neutral sanction.
c. positive sanction.
d. street crime.
TB_Q6.1.8
There are a variety of ways to approach deviance. _____ look for answers within individuals,
such as a possible genetic predisposition to deviance.
a. All sociologists
b. Conflict theorists
c. Sociobiologists
d. Psychologists
TB_Q6.1.9
Street crime refers to acts such as
a. embezzlement.
b. identity theft.
c. mugging, rape, and robbery.
d. a corporation hiding large sums of money to avoid paying taxes.
TB_Q6.1.10
Psychologists look at _____ as a possible cause of deviance.
a. factors outside the individual
b. social influences that recruit people to break norms
c. personality disorders
d. genes
TB_Q6.2.11
Edward Sutherland used the term _____ to indicate that people who associate with some groups
learn an excess of definitions of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become
deviant.
a. control theory
b. labeling theory
c. shaming
d. differential association
(Henslin 12e Test Bank) (6—5)
TB_Q6.2.12
About _____ of all those in prison have a father, mother, brother, sister, or spouse who has also
served time in prison.
a. one-ninth
b. one-fourth
c. one-half
d. two-thirds
TB_Q6.2.13
Killing is _____ in mainstream society; but for members of the Mafia, when certain of their
norms are broken that threaten a person’s honor, _____ would be a deviant act.
a. deviant; not killing
b. deviant; killing
c. frowned upon; killing
d. not deviant; killing
TB_Q6.2.14
In families living in dangerous neighborhoods, parents want to move because they feel that if
their kids have delinquent friends, they are likely to become delinquent, too. Sociological
research _____ this belief.
a. rejects
b. supports
(Henslin 12e Test Bank) (6—6)
c. has not addressed
d. is mixed in its findings on
TB_Q6.2.15
Symbolic interactionists stress that we
a. are prisoners of socialization.
b. in effect, are pawns in the hands of others.
c. help to produce our own orientation to life.
d. are predestined to think and act as our groups dictate.
TB_Q6.2.16
In control theory, how many control systems are in place to work against our tendencies to
deviate?
a. None
b. One
c. Two
d. Six
TB_Q6.2.17
The _____ our bonds are with society, the _____ our inner controls are.
a. weaker; more effective
b. weaker; less relevant
(Henslin 12e Test Bank) (6—7)
c. stronger; more effective
d. stronger; less effective
TB_Q6.2.18
_____ states that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them,
thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity.
a. Deviance theory
b. Control theory
c. Labeling theory
d. Neutralization
TB_Q6.2.19
Techniques of _____ are ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect, or neutralize,
society’s norms.
a. neutralization
b. the cyber age
c. control theory
d. degradation
TB_Q6.2.20
Shaming is
a. illegal.
(Henslin 12e Test Bank) (6—8)
b. a relic dating to colonial times.
c. starting to make a comeback.
d. a form of neutralization.
TB_Q6.2.21
In a(n) _____, an individual is called to account before the group, witnesses denounce the
person, the offender is pronounced guilty, and the offender is then stripped of the identity of
being a group member.
a. example of labeling theory
b. degradation ceremony
c. example of differential association theory
d. illegal type of self-control
TB_Q6.2.22
_____ attempt(s) to neutralize the moral demands of society.
a. None of us
b. Very few people
c. Only deviates
d. All of us
TB_Q6.2.23
Outlaw bikers _____ a deviant identity.
(Henslin 12e Test Bank) (6—9)
a. reject
b. deny
c. neutralize
d. revel in
TB_Q6.2.24
When judges assign youthful offenders to social workers and counselors, rather than sending
them to reform school or jail, they are using diversion, which testifies to the power of
a. labeling theory.
b. neutralization.
c. shaming.
d. degradation ceremonies.
TB_Q6.3.25
How does deviance clarify moral boundaries and affirm norms?
a. By following the tenets of strain theory
b. Punishment of a deviating group member helps make clear what it means to be a member of
the group.
c. By opening up the illegitimate opportunity structure
d. Rewarding deviance enhances the strength of the group as a whole.
TB_Q6.3.26
According to functionalists, deviance _____ social unity.
a. encourages
b. has no discernible impact upon
c. destroys
d. discourages
TB_Q6.3.27
_____ may force a group to rethink its moral boundaries, helping the group to adapt to changing
circumstances.
a. Deviance
b. Strain theory
c. White collar crime
d. Social disintegration
TB_Q6.3.28
Sociologist Robert Merton developed
a. deviance theory.
b. a defense of white-collar crime.
c. strain theory.
d. modern sociology.
TB_Q6.3.29
In strain theory, institutionalized means are
a. rejected.
b. approved ways of reaching cultural goals.
c. unapproved ways of reaching cultural goals.
d. outmoded.
TB_Q6.3.30
Strain theory _____ the sociological view that deviants are the product of society.
a. rejects
b. offers an alternative to
c. diminishes
d. supports
TB_Q6.3.31
The _____ refers to opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life.
a. illegitimate opportunity structure
b. strain theory
c. legitimate opportunity structure
d. social disorder theory
TB_Q6.3.32
A _____ is committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their
occupations.
a. street crime
b. white-collar crime
c. victimless crime
d. crime that results in society’s most severe punishments
TB_Q6.3.33
Executives who committed corporate crimes at Macy’s, Sears, and Bloomingdales spent _____
in jail.
a. an average of 10 years
b. an average of five years
c. an average of six months
d. no time
TB_Q6.3.34
In the 20 years from 1992 to 2012, the percentage of people arrested for burglary who were
women
a. decreased dramatically.
(Henslin 12e Test Bank) (6—13)
b. decreased slightly.
c. increased by 31%.
d. increased by 82%.
TB_Q6.4.35
The system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having
committed a crime is known as
a. favoring the poor.
b. the criminal justice system.
c. a mockery.
d. class blind and color blind.
TB_Q6.4.36
Conflict theorists view the criminal justice system as
a. operating impartially to bring justice to all.
b. a tool designed by the powerful to maintain their power and privilege.
c. focusing on punishment of the powerful.
d. an honest endeavor by society to settle disputes equitably.
TB_Q6.4.37
Executives who are responsible for harm caused by creating pollution, manipulating prices, or
making unsafe products can usually
a. get away with a modest amount of jail time.
b. bypass the courts altogether.
c. go into the witness protection program.
d. count on their corporations not having to pay any fines.
TB_Q6.5.38
The United States has 5% of the world’s population and about _____ of the world’s prisoners.
a. 3%
b. 5%
c. 13%
d. 25%
TB_Q6.5.39
On any given day, one out of _____ African American, one out of _____ Latino, and one out of
_____ white men in their 20s is in jail.
a. 20; 13; 19
b. 10; 20; 30
c. 8; 26; 100
d. 5; 30; 143
TB_Q6.5.40
In prison, _____ of inmates have less than a high-school education. In the U.S. population over
18 years of age, _____ of people have less than a high-school education.
a. 10.1%; 2.7%
b. 16.4%; 5.0%
c. 20.3%; 8.8%
d. 30.6%; 12.4%
TB_Q6.5.41
The sharp decline in violent crime can be attributed to
a. increased employment.
b. a variety of potential factors; research has not yet shown which.
c. a lower birth rate.
d. the elimination of lead in gasoline.
TB_Q6.5.42
Who did the spate of “three strikes” laws actually end up convicting?
a. Nonviolent offenders
b. Murderers
c. Rapists
d. Child molesters
TB_Q6.5.43
The recidivism rate, which is the percentage of released convicts who are rearrested, is _____
within three years of release.
a. 15%
b. 38%
c. 68%
d. 91%
TB_Q6.5.44
The term capital punishment refers to
a. white-collar crime.
b. nonviolent crime.
c. the death penalty.
d. laws regulating capitalism in countries under autocratic rule.
TB_Q6.5.45
A good indicator that the death penalty applies to lower-class citizens is that _____ of all the
prisoners on death row have not finished high school.
a. one-fourth
b. one-half
(Henslin 12e Test Bank) (6—17)
c. two-thirds
d. seven-eighths
TB_Q6.5.46
Women commit about _____ of murders, but make up only _____ of death row inmates.
a. 10%; 2%
b. 10%; 4%
c. 18%; 11%
d. 21%; 13%
TB_Q6.5.47
Serial murder is defined as the killing of several victims in _____ or more separate events.
a. three
b. five
c. eight
d. 15
TB_Q6.5.48
(Henslin 12e Test Bank) (6—18)
Since the death penalty was reinstated in 1977, _____ of those put to death have been white and
_____ have been African American.
a. 51%; 49%
b. 58%; 44%
c. 62%; 38%
d. 73%; 24%
TB_Q6.5.49
_____, the decision to arrest someone or even to ignore a matter, is a routine part of police work.
a. Police corruption
b. Police discretion
c. Recidivism
d. Medicalization of deviance
TB_Q6.5.50
In the medicalization of deviance, deviance becomes a symptom of some underlying illness that
demands treatment by
a. the court.
b. sociologists.
c. physicians.
d. the police.
Essay Questions
TB_Q6.1.51: How do norms make a social life possible?
TB_Q6.2.52: What is differential association theory?
TB_Q6.2.53: What are the five techniques of neutralization given by Sykes and Matza
(1957/1988)?
TB_Q6.3.54: Give three ways that functionalists such as Durkheim say that deviance contributes
to the social order.
TB_Q6.5.55: Describe the relationship between homelessness and mental illness.