Chapter 05: Body, Brain, and Health
1. During his second year of life, Titus suffered a long and severe illness that left him well below his expected weight and
height. After recovering from the illness, Titus suddenly experienced rapid gains in both height and weight. This event is
best explained by
a.
plasticity.
b.
the proximodistal principle.
c.
catch-up growth.
d.
the secular trend.
2. Catch-up growth is most likely to occur
a.
in males.
b.
following hormone replacement therapy.
c.
during late puberty.
d.
following a period of malnutrition or illness.
3. The endocrine glands
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. Maggie was born with a pituitary gland that did not produce enough growth hormone, and her parents opted not to have
the condition treated. Now that Maggie is an adult, what is her likely height?
a.
4 feet
b.
4 feet 6 inches
c.
5 feet
d.
5 feet 6 inches
5. Maya was born with a thyroid deficiency that was not diagnosed as such until she was three years old. What is the
likely outcome for Maya?
a.
Maya will have some level of intellectual disability.
b.
There will be no long-lasting effects with treatment.
c.
Maya will grow to be over 6 feet tall.
d.
Maya will become blind and deaf.
6. Androgens do all of the following EXCEPT
a.
trigger the adolescent growth spurt.
b.
contribute to sexual motivation in adulthood.
c.
cause ovulation in women.
d.
trigger the development of male sex organs.
7. Melissa is 15 years old. All of her friends have become notably “adolescent” in appearance. They have pubic hair and
underarm hair and have experienced the “adolescent growth spurt.” Melissa has no pubic or underarm hair, and still looks
much more like a young girl than an adolescent. The most likely culprit for Melissa’s plight is a malfunction of the
a.
central nervous system.
b.
ovaries.
c.
hypothalamus.
d.
thyroid.
8. Neurons communicate with one another
a.
by releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse.
b.
by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.
c.
through the pituitary gland.
d.
using androgens.
9. Myelin is important to the nervous system because it
a.
transmits neural impulses from the brain to the body.
b.
directs the release of hormones from the endocrine glands.
c.
increases the transmission speed of neural impulses.
d.
is where memories are stored.
10. Dimitri loves to climb to the top of very high locations with no safety equipment, where he takes selfies to share with
his high school friends. Dimitri’s dangerous daredevil antics are likely due to a lack of development in the
a.
somatosensory cortex.
b.
occipital lobe.
c.
prefrontal cortex.
d.
temporal lobe.
11. The greater ability of adults to integrate thoughts and emotions may be attributable to
a.
increased production of androgens
b.
progressive myelination
c.
decreased production of growth hormone
d.
alterations in brain stem structures
12. Which best exemplifies the concept of brain plasticity?
a.
The fact that the brain changes in response to experience
b.
The fact that a rat brain has the same basic components as a human brain
c.
The fact that, due to hormonal differences, the male brain is smaller than the female brain
d.
The fact that the brain is built on a plan that is genetically determined
13. Lateralization refers to the
a.
specialization of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.
b.
organizational structure of the peripheral nervous system.
c.
plasticity of the spinal cord.
d.
number of neurons produced during prenatal development.
14. The right brain hemisphere
a.
controls the right side of the body and is skilled at sequential processing.
b.
controls the left side of the body and is skilled at sequential processing.
c.
controls the right side of the body and is skilled at simultaneous processing.
d.
controls the left side of the body and is skilled at simultaneous processing.
15. As a result of an earlier brain injury, the right hemisphere of Glenn’s brain will sometimes “pitch in” and provide
assistance when his left hemisphere cannot process language. Where does this information cross between the
hemispheres?
a.
pons
b.
hippocampus
c.
brain stem
d.
corpus callosum
16. Jill came tumbling down the hill and sustained a serious head injury. As a result, her language skills have been
seriously impaired. Which part of Jill’s brain was most likely damaged?
a.
Left hemisphere
b.
Right hemisphere
c.
Hypothalamus
d.
Brain stem
17. Hector’s parents are both left-handed, so the probability that Hector will be left-handed is closest to
a.
25%.
b.
50%.
c.
75%.
d.
100%.
18. When has the brain’s developmental process generally concluded?
a.
around age 12
b.
around age 27
c.
around age 19
d.
never
19. A researcher says, “The video you are about to watch contains scenes of neurogenesis.” As such, you should expect to
see
a.
the creation of new neurons.
b.
the migration of neurons.
c.
the pruning of neurons.
d.
the differentiation of neurons.
20. Which of the following characterizes the typical aging brain?
a.
Degeneration only
b.
Plasticity only
c.
Both degeneration and plasticity
d.
Neither degeneration nor plasticity
21. The aging brain may compensate for losses by increased activity in the
a.
limbic system
b.
prefrontal cortex
c.
cerebellum
d.
corpus callosum
22. Cephalocaudal development proceeds from
a.
head toward tail.
b.
body to limbs.
c.
brain to behavior.
d.
legs to arms.
23. Which is the best example of cephalocaudal development?
a.
Infant gains control over the arms before the hands.
b.
Infant can sit up before it can walk.
c.
Infant can roll over before it can grasp a small object.
d.
Infant can hear before it can see.
24. When lying flat, babies can hold their heads up before they can lift their hips or legs. This illustrates the _____
direction of growth.
a.
cephalocaudal
b.
cephalodistal
c.
proximodistal
d.
proximocaudal
25. Proximodistal development proceeds from the
a.
head toward the tail.
b.
body to the limbs.
c.
brain to behavior.
d.
legs to the arms.
26. Infants can flail their arms around before they can move their hands and fingers with any precision. This illustrates the
_____ direction of growth.
a.
cephalocaudal
b.
cephalodistal
c.
proximodistal
d.
proximocaudal
27. According to the orthogenetic principle, growth
a.
occurs from the inside to the outside.
b.
occurs in a head-to-toe direction.
c.
is increasingly distinct and organized.
d.
consists of gains and losses.
28. The human developmental journey from zygote to a collection of specialized organs demonstrates the _____ principle.
a.
orthogenetic
b.
proximodistal
c.
cephalocaudal
d.
reality
29. Colleen is playing a guessing game at a friend’s baby shower. If Colleen correctly guesses the birth weight and length
of her friend’s newborn, she will win a great prize. Based on typical full-term newborn size in the United States, Colleen’s
best guess would be
a.
5 pounds and 15 inches.
b.
5 pounds and 17 inches.
c.
7 pounds and 17 inches.
d.
7 pounds and 20 inches.
30. If Ahmad is an average child, he will have achieved half his adult height around his _____ birthday.
a.
second
b.
third
c.
fourth
d.
fifth
31. Which of the following is the best definition of a reflex?
a.
A behavior that has been repeated over and over
b.
An automatic response to stimulus
c.
A voluntary muscle movement
d.
The first type of sense developed after birth
32. A reflex is best described as
a.
unlearned and voluntary.
b.
learned and voluntary.
c.
unlearned and involuntary.
d.
learned and involuntary.
33. Which of the following is NOT a survival reflex?
a.
The breathing reflex
b.
The sucking reflex
c.
The toe-fanning reflex
d.
The eye-blink reflex
34. The defining feature of a survival reflex is that it
a.
has clear adaptive value.
b.
is linked to eating.
c.
is learned in the first three months after birth.
d.
does not fade with age.
35. Molly strokes the bottom of her baby Martin’s foot and watches his toes fan out and then curl. Martin is exhibiting the
_____ reflex.
a.
Babinski
b.
Moro
c.
Palmer
d.
stepping
36. When he was born, Tran demonstrated a wide range of reflexes. Which will disappear first as Tran matures?
a.
Grasping reflex
b.
Swallowing reflex
c.
Pupillary reflex
d.
Breathing reflex
37. Montell is an average newborn. If he sleeps for 12 hours a day, how much of this time will be REM sleep?
a.
9 hours
b.
6 hours
c.
4 hours
d.
10 hours
38. Infants may spend so much time in REM sleep because REM sleep is
a.
needed for the formation of a strong id.
b.
important for learning and memory processes.
c.
critical for normal muscle and reflex development.
d.
necessary to ensure the infant continues to breathe during sleep.
39. The leading cause of death during the first year of life is
a.
congenital malformations.
b.
cancer.
c.
accidental injury.
d.
infection.
40. Which reflex evolves into the startle reflex?
a.
Moro
b.
Babinski
c.
rooting
d.
grasping
41. The ability to coordinate separate body movements into a functional whole best describes the concept of
a.
a differentiated response.
b.
global responding.
c.
an integrated response.
d.
reserve capacity.
42. Much of brain development in infancy and childhood consists of forming more
a.
connections
b.
neurotransmitters
c.
neurons
d.
ventricles
43. Elimination of unnecessary and unused connections between neurons is particularly important between ages
a.
2 and 3 years.
b.
5 to 7 years.
c.
3 to 5 years.
d.
7 to 15 years.
44. At two months after conception, your head makes up half of your total body length, but at adulthood, it is only 12% to
13% of your height. Which principle does this illustrate?
a.
proximodistal
b.
biogenetic
c.
cephalocaudal
d.
orthogenetic
45. The arms of infants and toddlers often appear stubby in relationship to the size of their trunks. Which principle does
this illustrate?
a.
cephalocaudal
b.
proximodistal
c.
orthogenetic
d.
biogenetic
46. Which reflex adapts the visual system to low illumination?
a.
pupillary
b.
rooting
c.
blinking
d.
Moro
47. Which behavior is most difficult for a child to perform?
a.
Walking in a straight line
b.
Hopping on one foot
c.
Hitting a ball with a bat
d.
Tapping a pen
48. Differences between throwing and kicking abilities of male and female children are best explained as being the result
of differences in
a.
size.
b.
hormones.
c.
practice.
d.
genetics.
49. Children whose parents are less educated are more likely to
a.
get needed immunizations.
b.
experience poor health.
c.
exercise outside.
d.
have healthy weights.
50. If you wanted to prevent the most common cause of death of a child, you should always
a.
avoid fast-food restaurants.
b.
fasten the child’s car seat/seat belt.
c.
hide common household cleaners that could be consumed.
d.
have your child inoculated.
51. Rajon is a typical American fourth grader. How much of his waking hours are spent sedentary?
a.
43%
b.
53%
c.
63%
d.
73%
52. As a typical adolescent growing up in the United States, Miguel would most likely achieve his peak RATE of growth
for height around _____ years of age.
a.
10.5
b.
12
c.
13.5
d.
15
53. Which of the following typical adolescent females growing up in the United States would have most recently achieved
her adult height?
a.
14-year-old Meg
b.
16-year-old Inez
c.
18-year-old Sasha
d.
20-year-old Halima
54. Nick has just experienced semenarche. Tamika has just experienced menarche. Which statement is most likely true?
a.
Nick and Tamika are now fully capable of producing a child.