Chapter 04: Physiology of the Cell
Colville: Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians, 3rd Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In a healthy animal, insensible water loss is the water lost
a.
during respiration.
b.
from sweating.
c.
in feces.
d.
in urine.
2. Which compartment of water makes up the majority of total body water?
a.
extravascular fluid
b.
interstitial fluid
c.
intracellular fluid
d.
intravascular fluid
3. Ions that have a negative charge are called
a.
anions.
b.
cations.
c.
electrolytes.
d.
solutes.
4. Which ion has the highest intracellular concentration?
a.
bicarbonate
b.
chloride
c.
potassium
d.
sodium
5. An alkaline solution is one that has
a.
a high concentration of hydroxyl ions and a low concentration of hydrogen ions.
b.
a low concentration of hydroxyl ions and a high concentration of hydrogen ions.
c.
a low concentration of hydroxyl ions and a low concentration of hydrogen ions.
d.
equal concentrations of hydroxyl and hydrogen ions.
6. Waste products of cellular metabolism that are carried in the blood are slightly acidic. To
counteract the effects of the acidic waste materials, what would be an ideal pH for blood?
a.
6
b.
6.4
c.
7
d.
7.4
7. Osmolality measures the concentration of __ in fluid.
a.
anions
b.
cations
c.
electrolytes
d.
solutes
8. The concentration of salt in water in normal saline is
a.
0.9% KCl.
b.
0.9% NaCl.
c.
9.0% KCl.
d.
9.0% NaCl.
9. A solution that contains more solutes than plasma is
a.
hypertonic.
b.
hypotonic.
c.
isotonic.
d.
normal saline.
10. Edema results when there is an abnormal movement of fluid
a.
from the extracellular space to the intracellular space.
b.
from the interstitial space to the extracellular space.
c.
from the intracellular space to the intravascular space.
d.
from the intravascular space to the interstitial space.
11. Lactated Ringers Solution, a frequently administered IV fluid, is a/an
a.
hypertonic colloid fluid.
b.
hypertonic crystalloid gel.
c.
isotonic, colloid gel.
d.
isotonic, crystalloid fluid.
12. Fluid therapy to correct dehydration in an animal would be
a.
maintenance therapy.
b.
masking therapy.
c.
replacement therapy.
d.
resuscitation therapy.
13. A patient that has a capillary refill time (CRT) of 2.5 seconds is
a.
10% to 12% dehydrated.
b.
5% to 7% dehydrated.
c.
8% to 9% dehydrated.
d.
not dehydrated.
14. A patient is depressed and lying down. The mucous membranes and tongue are dry. It is
conscious with a weak and rapid pulse. What would you estimate the percentage of
dehydration to be?
a.
5% to 7%
b.
8% to 9%
c.
10% to 12%
d.
12% to 15%
15. Diffusion is
a.
active osmosis.
b.
molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration in a liquid or gas.
c.
molecules moving from an area of low concentration to an area of high
concentration in a liquid or gas.
d.
passive osmosis.
16. Facilitated diffusion
a.
moves molecules from extracellular spaces to intracellular spaces using no energy
from the cell.
b.
moves molecules from extracellular spaces to intracellular spaces using energy
from the cell.
c.
moves molecules from intracellular spaces to extracellular spaces using no energy
from the cell.
d.
moves molecules from intracellular spaces to extracellular spaces using energy
from the cell.
17. Osmosis involves the movement of __ to achieve equilibrium between intracellular and
extracellular fluids.
a.
electrolytes
b.
salts
c.
solutes
d.
water
18. If cells (e.g., red blood cells) are placed in a hypotonic solution, what will happen to them?
a.
Nothing will happen.
b.
They will burst.
c.
They will shrivel.
d.
They will stick together.
19. Which processes rely on movement of water through a membrane?
a.
cytosis and filtration
b.
diffusion and cytosis
c.
filtration and osmosis
d.
osmosis and diffusion
20. Abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity is called
a.
ascariasis.
b.
ascites.
c.
cutaneous edema.
d.
pitting edema.
21. Which process is limited by the number of available carrier proteins?
a.
exocytosis
b.
facilitated diffusion
c.
filtration
d.
simple diffusion
22. The sodium-potassium pump system is a(n)
a.
antiport system.
b.
filtration system.
c.
osmosis system.
d.
symport system.
23. In a normal cell the sodium-potassium pump
a.
pumps sodium and potassium into the cell.
b.
pumps sodium and potassium out of the cell.
c.
pumps sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell.
d.
pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
24. What is the source of energy for the symport system of electrolyte transport across a cell
membrane?
a.
ADP
b.
ATP
c.
potassium ions
d.
sodium ions
25. Besides sodium and potassium, which other cations are actively transported across all cell
membranes?
a.
calcium and iron
b.
chloride and magnesium
c.
iron and chloride
d.
magnesium and calcium
26. A phagosome found in a cell will contain
a.
gaseous material.
b.
ionized material.
c.
liquid material.
d.
solid material.
27. A macrophage “ingests” a dead neutrophil (white blood cell) through
a.
phagocytosis.
b.
pinocytosis.
c.
the antiport system.
d.
the symport system.
28. When waste materials are released from a cell into the interstitial fluid, the process is known
as
a.
endocytosis.
b.
excretion.
c.
filtration.
d.
secretion.
29. When a liquid is taken into a cell and the cell uses energy to bring it in, the process is known
as
a.
exocytosis.
b.
filtration.
c.
phagocytosis.
d.
pinocytosis.
30. Which form of passive transport requires a pressure gradient to drive the activity of
molecules?
a.
diffusion
b.
excretion
c.
filtration
d.
osmosis
31. DNA replication occurs during which stage of interphase?
a.
growth one phase
b.
growth two phase
c.
synthetic phase
d.
systolic phase
32. During replication, the double-stranded DNA unwinds and produces two nucleotide chains.
If the original strand reads GTTAGA, what is the configuration of the complementary new
strand that is formed?
a.
ACCGTG
b.
CAATCT
c.
CGGTCT
d.
TAAGTG
33. What is the correct order of stages of mitosis?
a.
anaphase, metaphase, prophase, telophase
b.
prophase, anaphase, telophase, metaphase
c.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
d.
telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase
34. X-shaped chromosomes are linked together at the
a.
centromere.
b.
cytosome.
c.
metaphase plate.
d.
replication fork.
35. Protein synthesis begins in the
a.
DNA.
b.
endoplasmic reticulum.
c.
mRNA.
d.
ribosomes.
36. Transcription results in
a.
amino acid production.
b.
mRNA production.
c.
nitrogenous bases.
d.
tRNA production.
37. The nucleotide triplet that codes for “start here” when making peptide chains is called the
a.
advocate.
b.
organizer.
c.
promoter.
d.
supporter.
38. All mutations result in a/an
a.
alteration of genetic material.
b.
organ malfunction.
c.
physical changes in an animal.
d.
tissue destruction.
39. Cell differentiation and development is dependent on
a.
the number of chromosomes in genes.
b.
the number of genes in chromosomes.
c.
the position of chromosomes in genes.
d.
the position of genes in chromosomes.
40. Chemotherapeutic drugs work by
a.
altering a cell’s nuclear membrane and destroying DNA.
b.
blocking cell division and protein synthesis.
c.
coating the cell’s out membrane and killing the cell.
d.
rupturing a cell’s outer membrane resulting in loss of cytoplasm.