86. In some cultures, girls are married and have children while they are still teenagers. Which of the following is LEAST
likely to be a potential outcome for these young mothers’ pregnancies?
a.
miscarriage
b.
fraternal twins
c.
low birth weight
d.
stillbirth
87. Which ethnic group has infant mortality rates that are nearly identical to the rates for non-Hispanic white mothers?
a.
American Indian or Alaska Native
b.
non-Hispanic black
c.
Hispanic
d.
Asian or Pacific Islander
88. Why would children born to women living in a refugee camp be at high-risk for long-term negative impacts?
a.
b.
c.
d.
89. An infant whose mother lived with an abusive partner while she was pregnant will likely be impacted by prolonged
exposure to ________.
a.
myelin
b.
cytosine
c.
oxytocin
d.
adrenaline
90. At age 54, Miguel is excited to become a father again, this time with his second wife. His 23-year-old son Julio and
his wife are also expecting a new baby. Not considering maternal factors, what are the relative risks that the men’s wives
will miscarry?
a.
Miguel’s wife is half as likely to miscarry.
b.
Miguel’s wife is slightly more likely to miscarry.
c.
Julio’s wife is three times more likely to miscarry.
d.
Julio’s wife is half as likely to miscarry.
91. What has led to the recent increase in homebirths among women in the United States?
a.
more births among high SES women
b.
changing perspectives on childbirth
c.
professional licensing of doulas
d.
higher costs for in–hospital delivery
92. At a 1990 baby expo attended by 100 women, ________ were planning to deliver their baby with a midwife. At the
same expo in 2016, out of 100 attendees ________ were set to use the services of a midwife.
a.
2; 10
b.
5; 12
c.
7; 3
d.
4; 8
93. Eileen told Dr. Chao that she wants to have her second child by C-section because the first C-section was so stress-
free and convenient. Dr. Chao tried to convince Eileen to have a natural delivery this time because it is a profound
experience for both parents – and because ________ of second-time C-sections have no medical justification.
a.
just over a third
b.
almost half
c.
more than three-fourths
d.
nearly two-thirds
94. Fifty years ago, pregnant women’s use of epidurals
a.
was less than the use of more broad-spectrum sedatives.
b.
was substantially lower than it is for women today.
c.
was as common as pregnant women smoking at the time
d.
was viewed as a step backwards from modern medicine.
95. One defining cultural factor that guides the development of an infant is
a.
availability of genetic testing
b.
average income of the parents
c.
societal perspectives on children
d.
level of pollutants in the community
96. Childbirth in the !Kung San culture is grounded in which of the following?
a.
community
b.
caution
c.
spirituality
d.
independence
97. The approach to feeding infants in the United States would seem to prepare them for which of the following?
a.
cycles of feast and famine
b.
an easy, breezy lifestyle
c.
unpredictable uncertainty
d.
tightly booked calendars
98. Marshawn and Debbie are excited to bring their new daughter Violet home from the hospital. During the first month,
how often should they expect to feed Violet each day?
a.
2 to 4 times
b.
5 to 7 times
c.
8 to 10 times
d.
12 to 14 times
99. The “medicinal” benefits of breast milk for premature babies addresses which of the following issues?
a.
weight
b.
motor skills
c.
reflexes
d.
cognition
100. When he was first born, Rajesh was crying, so the nurse gave him an Apgar score of 2 for his ________ factor.
a.
muscle tone
b.
temperament
c.
reflex irritability
d.
respiratory effort
101. The fetus is surrounded by a protective structure called the placenta.
a.
True
b.
False
102. The same teratogen may have different effects on different fetuses.
a.
True
b.
False
103. Maternal smoking appears to increase the risk of an infant experiencing sudden infant death syndrome.
a.
True
b.
False
104. Physically, the safest age for a woman to have a baby is somewhere between 30 and 40 years.
a.
True
b.
False
105. Perinatal damage occurs during the time of birth.
a.
True
b.
False
106. In some cultures, childbirth is seen as a shameful event.
a.
True
b.
False
107. Maternal responsiveness is positively correlated with the resilience of at-risk infants.
a.
True
b.
False
108. The region of the brain that governs critical thinking processes is one of the first to develop during the prenatal
period.
a.
True
b.
False
109. A fetal programming researcher would look at how a low SES environment might influence the genetic profile of a
human before birth.
a.
True
b.
False
110. By the time infants in the United States are six months old, nearly two-thirds of their mothers have switched from
breastfeeding to formula.
a.
True
b.
False
111. Describe any five prenatal teratogens and their impact of the developing embryo and fetus.
112. What advice regarding prenatal care would you give to a woman who has just found out that she is pregnant?
113. Describe the three-stage process of childbirth. Be sure to discuss the C-sections and other interventions.
114. List the five terms used for a developing human from the moment of conception, in correct order. Provide a brief
description of each and indicate the time of pregnancy at which it first appears.
115. Describe the processes of proliferation, migration, and differentiation that occur during the fetal period. Then
describe the two theories related to differentiation.
116. Explain how fetal programming can impact the development of a child. Provide two examples each for the mother
and the father, and be sure to include examples of both positive and negative programming.
117. Explain the concept of critical periods in human development and their relationship to teratogens. Provide two
examples of critical periods for specific areas of human development.
118. What are some of the positive and negative aspects of common practices and perspectives that Americans have with
infants? What are positive and negative aspects of practices and perspectives common in other cultures? Give examples
and explain your reasoning.
119. Some people in the United States believe that women should not breastfeed their babies in public – and some feel
that women should not breastfeed at all. What would you say to help someone with this perspective to be more accepting
of breastfeeding?
120. You are developing a workshop for expectant parents to help decrease the incidence of low-birth weight infants.
Describe your target audience for the workshop. List some of the topics and strategies you will cover in the workshop.