53. Carmen weighs 120 pounds and just learned that she is pregnant. What would be her optimal weight when she gives
birth?
a.
130 pounds
b.
140 pounds
c.
150 pounds
d.
160 pounds
54. Severe maternal malnourishment during later pregnancy puts a newborn most at risk for
a.
cerebral palsy.
b.
sensory deficits (e.g., blindness).
c.
stunted growth.
d.
respiratory failure.
55. Which event tends to occur the earliest in the labor process?
a.
b.
c.
d.
56. Who has experienced anoxia?
a.
Alan, whose umbilical cord wrapped around his neck during birth and cut off the oxygen supply to his body
b.
Maritza, who was exposed to high levels of radiation while she was an embryo
c.
Cedric, whose mother drank five glasses of vodka a day while he was a zygote
d.
Yuri, who ate lead paint chips as an infant
57. Severe perinatal anoxia places a newborn at great risk for
a.
Tay Sachs.
b.
organogenesis.
c.
cerebral palsy.
d.
muscular dystrophy.
58. Which of the following statements regarding C-section deliveries is true?
a.
Most mothers prefer this method because it leads to a quicker recovery than a vaginal delivery.
b.
Doctors conduct C-sections only when the mother or child’s life is at risk.
c.
The number of C-sections has steadily and significantly decreased over the past 30 years.
d.
C-sections are popular because many parents prefer having a scheduled birth.
59. Which statement about infant mortality rates is FALSE?
a.
The current rate is less than 1% in Western, industrialized nations.
b.
Medicalization of birth has not impacted the infant mortality rate.
c.
The rate is twice as high for black infants than for white infants.
d.
In some areas of sub-Saharan Africa, the infant mortality rate is about 15%.
60. Maternal postpartum depression
a.
is common (i.e., found in about 50 percent of first-time moms).
b.
has few long-term effects on a child.
c.
tends to be found in individuals with a history of depression.
d.
strengthens the infant-maternal attachment.
61. Helio, whose girlfriend is currently pregnant, is currently experiencing symptoms of couvade. As such, you would
expect him to complain about
a.
feeling bloated.
b.
hair loss.
c.
feeling very energetic.
d.
weight loss.
62. Which of the following describes the impact of postpartum depression?
a.
Mothers with postpartum depression are less responsive to their infants.
b.
The children of mothers with postpartum depression will grow up to be sensitive.
c.
The children of mothers with postpartum depression are at lower risk of depression.
d.
Even if the depression is untreated, there is little long-term impact of postpartum depression.
63. One of the most striking differences between the treatment of babies by Central African cultures and treatment of
infants in Western cultures is the
a.
significant amount of time babies are touched in this culture.
b.
fact that this culture does not believe in breast feeding.
c.
notion that until babies are able to speak, they are considered spirits.
d.
this culture heavily stresses the importance of “training schedules.”
64. Frieda receives an Apgar rating of 8. This means that she
a.
is having difficulty breathing.
b.
is doing just fine.
c.
will likely die without extraordinary intervention.
d.
has visual and auditory deficits.
65. Baker was born 34 weeks after conception and weighed eight pounds at birth. If born in the United States, Baker
would best be classified as
a.
both low birth weight and premature.
b.
low birth weight, but not premature.
c.
premature, but not low birth weight.
d.
neither low birth weight nor premature.
66. Which assisted reproduction technique is associated with having low-birth-weight infants?
a.
Ovulation-stimulating drugs
b.
In vitro fertilization
c.
Artificial insemination
d.
Sperm donorship
67. Extremely low-birth-weight infants are
a.
defined as having a birth weight of less than three pounds.
b.
unlikely to have medical issues that last beyond childhood.
c.
at risk for blindness, deafness, and autism.
d.
becoming significantly less common.
68. Respiratory problems in premature infants may be the result of their inability to produce enough
a.
amnion.
b.
stem cells.
c.
chorion.
d.
surfactant.
69. Werner and Smith’s longitudinal study of Hawaiian children indicated that the two most important protective factors
that help at-risk children overcome their disadvantage are
a.
a supportive postnatal environment and continued stress.
b.
continued stress and a two-parent household.
c.
a two-parent household and high levels of personal resources.
d.
high levels of personal resources and a supportive postnatal environment.
70. Despite being abused by her mother when she was an infant, Dana has become a mentally healthy adolescent. This
successful outcome was to a large extent due to the positive social support provided by Dana’s foster family. This story
provides an excellent example of the impact of _____ factors.
a.
prenatal
b.
protective
c.
teratogenic
d.
genetic
71. Maureen is frustrated because she seems to be losing her keys and forgetting things more often. “What is with my
brain?” she often says. “There must have been a problem with my ________ way back before I was born.”
a.
mesoderm
b.
ectoderm
c.
periderm
d.
endoderm
72. Which of the following human activities will NOT be operational during the embryonic period?
a.
reflexes
b.
digestion
c.
reasoning
d.
waste removal
73. Whose fetus is currently experiencing the strongest expansion in number of neurons?
a.
Maura, who is 3 weeks pregnant
b.
Yelena, who is 11 weeks pregnant
c.
Trenelle, who is 18 weeks pregnant
d.
Vuoung, who is 24 weeks pregnant
74. Like the Friday night before a long holiday weekend, the massive migration of neurons in the embryo has just begun.
At what exit ramp does the first group of neurons turn off to finish their journey?
a.
basal ganglia
b.
caudate nucleus
c.
cerebral cortex
d.
corpus callosum
75. Which of the following describes the three processes of brain development in correct order?
a.
multiply, change, and move
b.
move, change, and multiply
c.
change, move, and multiply
d.
multiply, move, and change
76. Traffic has been very heavy the past several weeks for the massive migration of neurons. When will traffic finally
lighten up?
a.
7 weeks after conception
b.
10 weeks after conception
c.
16 weeks after conception
d.
22 weeks after conception
77. In the final months of pregnancy, the neurons
a.
follow programmed routes to a functional location
b.
split from clusters to perform distinct functions
c.
grow larger and develop a protective jacket
d.
eject from a thin coating and begin sending signals
78. Which of the following would NOT be considered an aspect of the physical environment that can play a role in fetal
programming?
a.
pot smoke in the mother’s apartment building
b.
frequent gun violence on the mother’s street
c.
cold and flu medicine ingested by the mother
d.
raw sushi the mother eats regularly for lunch
79. Which of the following best reflects the dynamic of fetal programming?
a.
linear progression
b.
one-time sequence
c.
stage-driven process
d.
recurring cycle
80. Dawn has been feeling very stressed about being pregnant, so she started having a glass of wine and a cigarette to help
her calm down. But the baby seems to get agitated and move around when she drinks. This makes Dawn more stressed, so
she ends up having another glass of wine and a couple cigarettes to ease her nerves. What is occurring through this
process?
a.
teratogen cycling
b.
epigenetic differentiation
c.
fetal programming
d.
reciprocal anoxia
81. Under the principle of fetal programming, if a woman is regularly exposed to a teratogen while pregnant, one of her
child’s genes ________.
a.
will not migrate to its proper location
b.
will not turn on to perform a key function
c.
will be too thin to adequately protect neurons
d.
will mutate and spur serious physical defects
82. Which of the following statements about fetal programming is true?
a.
With ideal maternal behavior, it is possible to prevent all fetal programming.
b.
The impacts of fetal programming can extend across multiple generations.
c.
Fetal programming impacts are commonly resolved in the neonatal period.
d.
The influence of fetal programming occurs primarily among low SES families.
83. When Mary was pregnant with her first child James, she was young and had a poor diet and partied a lot. Mary was
older and more responsible when she had her daughter Zoe, taking care of herself through the pregnancy. Who faces
likely health risks as a result of fetal programming?
a.
Mary and James
b.
James and his children
c.
James and Zoe
d.
James and Zoe and their children
84. When she learned that she was pregnant, Salwa immediately stopped eating her favorite tuna salad sandwiches at
lunchtime. Which teratogen is Salwa trying to avoid?
a.
mercury
b.
bisphenol-A
c.
lead
d.
sulphur dioxide
85. A doctor who is concerned about teratogenic impacts after learning of a patient’s exposure to a recreational drug will
likely ask which of the following questions?
a.
Where did you take it?
b.
Why did you take it?
c.
Who gave it to you?
d.
How much did you take?