86. Which of the following would most likely be considered a nonshared environmental influence for a fifth grader?
a.
having a smart phone
b.
being bullied at lunch
c.
doing a geography project
d.
taking gym class
87. What is one of the main areas of focus for molecular genetics?
a.
meiosis
b.
epigenesis
c.
concordance
d.
mutation
88. Which of the following is the best analogy for molecular genetics’ view of human development?
a.
b.
c.
d.
89. Justine recently opened her second bakery and is enjoying her dream career of working with flour, butter, and sugar to
bring a little joy to people. What is the likelihood that Justine’s identical twin Marya is also employed in the culinary
field?
a.
25%
b.
40%
c.
60%
d.
75%
90. Based on research outlined in the text, which of the following would be most impacted by one’s environment?
a.
resting heart rate
b.
academic performance
c.
opinion on gay rights
d.
talkativeness at parties
91. Which of the following would likely NOT increase the 10% variation in IQ for children in low SES families?
a.
universal free pre-school programs
b.
prenatal genetic testing
c.
broadband Internet services
d.
parent-child reading activities
92. Which of the following statements best reflects research findings on environment and temperament?
a.
Identical twins will share the same disposition even after leaving the family.
b.
Non-twins have widely diverse dispositions when raised in happy families.
c.
Twins raised in nurturing families will likely have a friendly disposition.
d.
Adoptive families tend to produce more emotional reactivity in non-twins.
93. Which of the following is most likely to be an inherited trait?
a.
scoring low on academic proficiency tests
b.
having a weight problem at middle age
c.
working with animals as a career path
d.
voting for Democratic party candidates
94. According to the diathesis-stress model, what largely determines whether a person will have a negative emotional
response to a particular event?
a.
general susceptibility to negative reactions
b.
degree of emotional intensity of the event
c.
frequency of exposure to negative experiences
d.
environmental influences during childhood
95. The differential susceptibility hypothesis focuses on how individuals respond to
a.
stress.
b.
epigenetics.
c.
counseling.
d.
environment..
96. Siblings who are more alike genetically will ________ their home environment in similar ways.
a.
select
b.
accommodate
c.
perceive
d.
manage
97. Which of the following statements best reflects the perspective of genetically informed research studies?
a.
Biology and environment are unrelated.
b.
Our environment dominates our biology.
c.
Biology loses influence after childhood.
d.
Our biology can alter our environment.
98. Which of the following will likely have the greatest epigenetic impact on a child’s development?
a.
attending recreational summer camp
b.
mother drinking while pregnant
c.
being bullied in grade school
d.
living in a low-income community
99. The epigenome for a particular gene determines whether it will
a.
switch on.
b.
mutate.
c.
cross over.
d.
have CNVs.
100. Some developmentalists doubt the scientific value of behavioral genetics research because
a.
it relies heavily on data from twin and family studies.
b.
it could lead to a society of genetically “perfect” humans.
c.
it attempts to distinguish influences that are indivisible.
d.
it proposes that human genes can influence their experiences.
101. Species heredity is very important to our understanding of individual differences in human growth and development.
a.
True
b.
False
102. The process of mitosis results in daughter cells that have half the number of cells as the original one.
a.
True
b.
False
103. Fraternal twins are no more alike genetically than brothers and sisters born at different times.
a.
True
b.
False
104. Concordance rates show the likelihood that if one member of a pair has a particular trait, the other member of the
pair also has it.
a.
True
b.
False
105. The heritability of IQ scores appears to increase between infancy and adulthood.
a.
True
b.
False
106. Concerning mental illness, people appear to inherit a predisposition for a disorder, not the actual disorder
a.
True
b.
False
107. In an active gene-environment interaction, children’s genetically based traits provoke a certain kind of reaction from
their environment.
a.
True
b.
False
108. Genetic mutations invariably cause harm to people who inherit them.
a.
True
b.
False
109. One girl attends a public school for fifth grade and her twin attends a private school for fifth grade, so their
educational environmental influence is considered shared because they both attended fifth grade.
a.
True
b.
False
110. According to the diathesis-stress model, a person with a genetic profile of overall resilience would be less likely to
develop PTSD after witnessing a traumatic event.
a.
True
b.
False
111. Differentiate genotype from phenotype using yourself as an example.
112. Compare and contrast Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter’s syndrome.
113. Compare and contrast passive gene-environment correlations, evocative gene-environmental correlations, and active
gene-environmental correlations.
114. Describe and give an example of a recessive gene and a dominant gene. Then differentiate between incomplete
dominance and codominance.
115. Give an example of something from 50 or 100 years ago that we have culturally evolved into our experience today.
Then, give an example of something that has recently become part of our experience and describe how it will be culturally
evolved for people 50 or 100 years from now.
116. Describe the processes of chorionic villus sampling and preimplantation diagnosis. Discuss the potential ethical
concerns over prenatal diagnosis and why one of these two methods may present less cause for debate regarding ethics.
117. For two twin siblings, give three examples of shared environmental influences and three examples of nonshared
environmental influences that they may experience over the course of a week.
118. Describe the perspective on human development provided by molecular genetics, and explain why it adds value to
the established field of behavioral genetics.
119. Identical twins share the same genes and are born with the potential for perfect correlation (+1.0) in shared attributes
and traits. Using examples, explain what could cause a set of identical twins at age 40 to have +.56 correlation for blood
pressure and +.34 correlation for views on social issues.
120. Explain what an epigenome is, how it is created, and the impact it has on genes.