Chapter 03: Genes, Environment, and Development
1. Most dogs bark but don’t speak, and most humans speak but don’t bark. This is best explained by
a.
species heredity.
b.
meiosis.
c.
individual heredity.
d.
mitosis.
2. All human babies, regardless of which culture they live in or which language is spoken around them, begin to babble at
about the same age. This is an example of
a.
species heredity.
b.
natural selection.
c.
mutation.
d.
recessive genetics.
3. Which of the following is NOT a major claim of Darwin’s theory of evolution?
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. The idea that some genes aid in adaptation more than others is known as
a.
genetic counseling.
b.
natural selection.
c.
shared environmental influences.
d.
crossing over.
5. The belief that we inherit tried and true ways of adjusting to the environment from past generations is referred to as
a.
crossing over.
b.
incomplete dominance.
c.
concordance.
d.
cultural evolution.
6. Which best exemplifies the process of cultural evolution?
a.
The fact that different eye shapes are found within individuals in the same ethnic group
b.
Inheriting a stronger left arm than a right arm because in the past, this allowed for the faster cutting of grains
and more food for families
c.
The dramatic shift from Communism to Democracy seen in the Soviet Union in the 1980s
d.
Greater height in current generations than in past generations because in past generations, food that needed to
be gathered was closer to the ground
7. Which is the most genetically complex structure?
a.
A gene
b.
A chromosome
c.
A zygote
d.
A sperm
8. Which statement concerning the genetic code is FALSE?
a.
Zygotes consist of many genes.
b.
Genes consist of many DNA strands.
c.
DNA strands consist of many zygotes.
d.
Chromosomes consist of many genes.
9. A sperm cell and an ovum each contribute 23, rather than 46, chromosomes to a zygote because they
a.
were produced through the process of meiosis.
b.
were produced through the process of mitosis.
c.
have undergone the process of crossing over.
d.
have undergone the process of canalization.
10. The typical outcome of a female reproductive cell that has undergone meiosis is
a.
one egg and three nonfunctional cells.
b.
two eggs and two nonfunctional cells.
c.
three eggs and one nonfunctional cell.
d.
four eggs.
11. Following mitosis, each daughter cell has _____ number of chromosomes as that of the mother cell.
a.
half of the
b.
twice the
c.
four times the
d.
the same
12. A gene
a.
is made of hormones and neurotransmitters.
b.
can also be referred to as an ovum.
c.
when combined with a second gene will produce a chromosome.
d.
provides instructions for the production of proteins.
13. It is estimated that about _____ percent of the human genome consists of what are traditionally defined as genes.
a.
3
b.
16
c.
7
d.
1
14. As the genetic material in two cells pair up just prior to meiosis, parts of the chromosome are exchanged with a second
chromosome. This is called
a.
karyotyping.
b.
concordance.
c.
crossing over.
d.
cloning.
15. Last year the maternity wing of Cedar Glen Hospital celebrated 1,000 births. How many of these events celebrated
identical twins?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
4
d.
8
16. We know that two people have precisely 50 percent of their genes in common if they are
a.
fraternal twins.
b.
identical twins.
c.
parent and child.
d.
grandchild and grandparent
17. Joseph and Kenneth are twins resulting from two ova. What proportion of their genes do the boys have in common?
a.
precisely 50 percent
b.
about 50 percent
c.
about 25 percent
d.
100 percent
18. While Selena and Marisol are sisters and look somewhat alike, they have only about 50 percent of their genes in
common. This would mean that the girls are most likely
a.
monozygotic twins.
b.
conjoined twins.
c.
dizygotic twins.
d.
autosomal twins.
19. With regard to twins, monozygotic is to dizygotic as
a.
common is to uncommon.
b.
one egg is to two eggs.
c.
recessive is to dominant.
d.
fraternal is to identical.
20. When Tayvon was born last month, genetic tests cleared him of any genetic abnormalities. How many autosomal
chromosomes does Tayvon have?
a.
46
b.
44
c.
23
d.
22
21. Genotype is most accurately described as
a.
your inherited genes.
b.
a visual representation of chromosomes.
c.
the manner in which genes are expressed.
d.
environmental marks on your genes.
22. Jeannine needs to give a short presentation to the class discussing an aspect of her genotype. What will Jeannine likely
focus on in her speech?
a.
her curly blonde hair
b.
scoring 128 on her IQ test
c.
being shy with new people
d.
the codes on her X chromosome
23. Which of the following is true of a genotype?
a.
The phenotype controls the expression of the genotype.
b.
The expression of the genotype may be affected by environmental factors.
c.
The genotype and phenotype are largely unrelated.
d.
The genotype can be altered by experience.
24. The activation of particular genes in particular cells of the body at particular times is called
a.
genotyping.
b.
gene expression.
c.
phenotypical expression.
d.
phenotyping.
25. The Fraga and colleagues (2005) study on aging and RNA in identical twins found that the pattern of genetic
expression
a.
was nearly identical in both very young and older twins.
b.
was quite different in both very young and older twins.
c.
was nearly identical in very young twins but differed in older twins.
d.
differed in very young twins but was nearly identical in older twins.
26. The fact that Orson is extremely obese appears to be completely due to one pair of genes that he received (one from
mom and one from dad). In this case, Orson’s obesity is best explained by
a.
single gene-pair inheritance.
b.
polygenetic effects.
c.
dominant genes.
d.
sex-linked traits.
27. If a person needs one matching pair of genes in order to express a characteristic carried by a pair of genes, the
characteristic is considered
a.
recessive.
b.
dominant.
c.
a mutation.
d.
polygenic.
28. When a dominant gene is paired with a recessive gene, the characteristic associated with the dominant gene will be
a.
repressed.
b.
absent.
c.
expressed.
d.
mutated.
29. Incomplete dominance occurs when
a.
a recessive gene overpowers a dominant gene.
b.
there is a compromise between the effect of two genes.
c.
a dominant gene overpowers a recessive gene.
d.
genetic effects are overpowered by environmental factors.
30. Kya has brown eyes, while her husband Rashid has green eyes. Their son Roscoe’s eyes are best described as hazel, a
brownish green. Roscoe’s eye color best exemplifies the concept of
a.
incomplete dominance.
b.
mutation.
c.
polygenic inheritance.
d.
codominance.
31. Children who have one dark-skinned parent and one light-skinned parent can have a skin tone that is somewhere
between their mother’s skin color and their father’s skin color. This is an example of
a.
incomplete dominance.
b.
mutation.
c.
polygenic inheritance.
d.
codominance.
32. The fact that type AB blood appears to be the result of a compromise between genes for type A and type B blood
provides a good example of
a.
incomplete dominance.
b.
mutation.
c.
polygenic inheritance.
d.
codominance.
33. Michael is color blind. What caused this to occur?
a.
his father’s genes
b.
his mother’s genes
c.
either parent’s genes
d.
environmental factors
34. Violet is known for having an outgoing and engaging personality. From a biological perspective, how did Violet attain
this characteristic?
a.
a single gene pair
b.
sex-linked inheritance
c.
polygenic inheritance
d.
mutation of one or more genes
35. When looking at the unusual protrusion sticking out of a newborn’s head, Dr. Chung says, “The growth is due to some
sudden change in the structure of the genes that was not passed on by the parents.” Dr. Chung suspects that the growth is
due to
a.
mutation
b.
epigenetics
c.
a recessive gene
d.
codominance
36. Who is LEAST likely to have a chromosomal abnormality?
a.
Thom, who has a total of 22 pairs of chromosomes
b.
Rodrigo, who has a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes
c.
Priya, who has a total of 24 pairs of chromosomes
d.
Ellie, who has a total of 25 pairs of chromosomes
37. After meeting with their doctor, the Mansour family learned that the symptoms their son’s disorder is caused by a
chromosomal abnormality. What was the doctor’s diagnosis for the boy?
a.
hemophilia
b.
cystic fibrosis
c.
sickle-cell disease
d.
Down syndrome
38. Maria gives birth to a child with trisomy 21. Which of the following is true?
a.
Maria must have given her child an extra 21st chromosome.
b.
The child’s father must have given the child an extra 21st chromosome.
c.
The child received an extra 21st chromosome from either her mother or her father.
d.
Both parents contributed an extra 21st chromosome.
39. Meg was born with only one X chromosome. She is short, of average verbal intelligence, and lacking in spatial
reasoning skills. Meg has
a.
Down syndrome.
b.
Tay-Sachs.
c.
Klinefelter syndrome.
d.
Turner syndrome.
40. Yao has an extra X chromosome. He is tall, sterile, and has enlarged breasts. Yao would be most accurately diagnosed
as having
a.
Tay-Sachs.
b.
PKU.
c.
Klinefelter syndrome.
d.
Turner syndrome.
41. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of people with Down syndrome and people with Klinefelter
syndrome?
a.
They both have cells with 47 chromosomes, but the extra chromosome in Klinefelter syndrome is a sex
chromosome and in Down syndrome, it is one of the other chromosomes.
b.
They both have cells with 47 chromosomes, and in both cases, it is an extra sex chromosome.
c.
There is an extra chromosome in Down syndrome, while there are fewer than the normal number of
chromosomes in Klinefelter syndrome.
d.
There is an extra X chromosome in Klinefelter syndrome and a missing X chromosome in Down syndrome.
42. An individual who is a carrier of a trait has
a.
two dominant genes, both calling for the presence of the trait.
b.
two recessive genes, both calling for the presence of the trait.
c.
one dominant gene calling for the absence of the trait and one recessive gene calling for the presence of the
trait.
d.
one dominant gene calling for the presence of the trait and one recessive gene calling for the absence of the
trait.
43. Tony and Ling are both carriers of the same defective gene for a genetic disorder. As knowledgeable individuals, they
know that each time they have a child there is a _____ risk that child will be a carrier for the disorder.
a.
25 percent
b.
50 percent
c.
75 percent
d.
100 percent
44. Despite the fact that it is the result of recessive genes, some carriers of sickle-cell disease possess both normal and
sickle-shaped blood cells. This phenomenon is best explained by
a.
polygenetic effects.
b.
meiosis.
c.
incomplete dominance.
d.
concordance rate.
45. If a physician wanted to get a visual image of a developing fetus’ limbs, her best option would be to use a(n)
a.
preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
b.
ultrasound.
c.
chorionic villus sampling.
d.
amniocentesis.
46. _____ involves conducting DNA tests on the first cells after the mitosis of a fertilized egg.
a.
Maternal blood sampling
b.
Chorionic villus sampling
c.
Amniocentesis
d.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
47. Forty-year-old Chester has just begun to show symptoms indicating a deterioration of his nervous system. Chester
most likely has
a.
Klinefelter syndrome.
b.
Cystic fibrosis.
c.
Turner syndrome.
d.
Huntington’s disease.
48. Jeff’s mother died from Huntington’s disease and he inherited the Huntington’s gene. What is the likelihood he will
also develop symptoms of Huntington’s disease?
a.
Jeff will almost certainly develop Huntington’s.
b.
Jeff’s odds of developing Huntington’s are 1 in 2.
c.
Jeff’s odds of developing Huntington’s are 1 in 4.
d.
Jeff’s odds of developing Huntington’s depends on the gene he inherited from his father.
49. Heritability refers to
a.
how much of a trait is influenced by genetic factors for a specific individual.
b.
the proportion of the differences in a trait among a group of people that is due to genetic differences.
c.
the percentage of pairs of people where, if one person in the pair has a trait, the other person in the pair also
has the trait.
d.
the degree to which one trait increases with increases in another trait.
50. When studying heritability in humans, an ethical behavior geneticist would be LEAST likely to
a.
study identical twins reared apart.
b.
compare the behavior of adopted children to their biological parents.
c.
conduct a selective breeding experiment.
d.
investigate the relationship between behaviors of unrelated siblings (step family members).
51. Which one of the following sets of data would show a strong genetic influence on the development of a trait?
a.
Identical twins raised together score more similarly to one another than identical twins raised apart.
b.
Fraternal twins raised apart score as similarly to one another as do biological siblings who are raised together.
c.
Identical twins raised apart score more similarly to one another than fraternal twins raised together.
d.
Fraternal twins raised together score more similarly to one another than fraternal twins raised apart.