DATE MODIFIED:
1/30/2017 2:19 AM
52. Which is a common criticism of twin studies?
a.
Twin studies are better suited to identify environmental influences than genetic influences.
b.
Fraternal twins tend to be treated more similarly than identical twins.
c.
Twin studies overestimate the role of prenatal experiences on development.
d.
The environment may be the more dominant influence on the similarity being studied in twins.
QUESTION TYPE:
Multiple Choice
DATE CREATED:
1/30/2017 2:19 AM
53. The logic behind adoption studies is that
a.
only personality factors can be inherited.
b.
if adopted children are similar to their adoptive parents on a given characteristic, then the expression of that
characteristic is likely to be influenced by genetic factors.
c.
only physical factors can be inherited.
d.
if adopted children are similar to their adoptive parents on a given characteristic, then the expression of that
characteristic is likely to be influenced by environmental factors.
3.3 Studying Genetic and Environmental Influences
54. Which type of study would be most likely to compare unrelated siblings living in the same household?
a.
b.
c.
d.
55. Your text reveals that if one identical twin is gay, there is almost a 50 percent chance that the other identical twin will
also be gay. On the other hand, if a fraternal twin is schizophrenic, there is only about a 20 percent chance the other
fraternal twin will be schizophrenic. The measure of likelihood that twins will share this mental illness in common is
called a(n)
a.
concordance rate.
b.
correlation coefficient.
c.
dominant trait.
d.
heritability factor.
56. A high concordance rate between identical twins for schizophrenia would suggest that the disorder
a.
has a genetic basis.
b.
is inherited from the mother.
c.
results from childhood experiences.
d.
will always occur in both twins..
57. Research by Plomin and colleagues indicated that the highest heritability correlation concerning the emotion of anger
was found between
a.
identical twins raised together.
b.
identical twins reared apart.
c.
fraternal twins raised together.
d.
fraternal twins reared apart.
58. If genes alone contribute to a trait, which of the following patterns of correlations would be observed?
a.
1.00 for identical twins raised together but a lower correlation for those raised apart
b.
1.00 for both identical and fraternal twin pairs raised together but a lower correlation for those pairs raised
apart
c.
1.00 for identical twins and .50 for fraternal twins raised together or raised apart
d.
No significant correlation between identical twins or fraternal twins, regardless of whether they are raised
together or apart
59. If shared environmental influences alone contribute to the expression of a trait, which of the following patterns of
correlations would be observed?
a.
1.00 for identical twins raised together but a somewhat lower correlation for those raised apart
b.
1.00 for both identical and fraternal twin pairs raised together but no correlation for those pairs raised apart
c.
1.00 for identical twins and .50 for fraternal twins raised together and raised apart
d.
No significant correlation between identical twins or fraternal twins, regardless of whether they were raised
together or apart
60. The consistent parenting style exhibited by parents toward all their children would represent a _____ for the children.
a.
shared environmental experience
b.
genetic effect
c.
nonshared environmental experience
d.
crossing over effect
61. Suppose identical twins raised apart have a correlation of .40 on a measure of some aspect of personality, and identical
twins raised together have a correlation of .60 on this same measure. From these data, what can we logically conclude
about this trait?
a.
Nonshared environment has an impact because, even raised together, the identical twins do not show a perfect
1.00 correlation.
b.
Nonshared environment has no impact because the identical twins raised apart have a lower correlation than
the identical twins raised together.
c.
Shared environment has no impact because identical twins raised apart have a correlation lower than 1.00.
d.
Shared environment has an impact because identical twins raised apart have a correlation of .40.
62. Research from behavioral geneticists has found that as we get older, genetic influences on intelligence are _____ in
importance, shared influences are ______ in importance, and nonshared environmental influences are _____ in
importance.
a.
decreasing; decreasing; increasing
b.
decreasing; increasing; decreasing
c.
increasing; increasing; decreasing
d.
increasing; decreasing; increasing
63. Which statement is true regarding the effects of genes and environment on temperament and personality?
a.
Genes contribute little to no individual differences in temperament.
b.
Genes account for nearly all of the individual differences in temperament.
c.
Nonshared environmental influences contribute nothing to individual differences in temperament.
d.
The shared environment of the home does not appear to make siblings more similar in temperament or
personality.
64. If one or both biological parents have schizophrenia, we can conclude that their child will
a.
not develop the disorder as long as he or she is raised in a separate environment.
b.
definitely develop the disorder regardless of the environment.
c.
have a greater than average risk of developing the disorder in response to an environmental trigger.
d.
develop the disorder at a much younger age than another child who develops the disorder but has no family
history of schizophrenia.
65. Some traits are more influenced by genetic factors than other traits, as reflected in the correlations between the traits
of identical twins raised apart. Which one of the following series of traits is arranged from most to least heritable?
a.
Height, brain activity, IQ scores, creativity
b.
Brain activity, height, creativity, IQ scores
c.
Brain activity, IQ scores, height, creativity
d.
Height, creativity, IQ scores, brain activity
66. Which statement concerning heritability is true?
a.
Heritability explains more of the variation in IQ among children from poor families.
b.
Heritability is a fixed quality.
c.
Heritability differs by socioeconomic status but not by age.
d.
Heritability estimates differ by environment.
67. Which statement best describes the genetic influence on depression?
a.
Some genes predispose a person to depression, but no genes protect from depression.
b.
Some genes protect a person from depression, but no genes predispose a person to depression.
c.
Some genes protect a person from depression, and others predispose a person to depression.
d.
No genes protect a person from depression, and no genes predispose a person to depression.
68. The belief that genotype expression depends on environmental experience and how we respond to the environment
depends on the genes we possess defines the concept of
a.
single gene-pair inheritance.
b.
shared environmental influence.
c.
gene-environment interaction.
d.
polygenetic inheritance.
69. Laurie is a shy child who avoids social gatherings and seeks out solitary activities such as stamp collecting and
reading a good book. Laurie’s development will be influenced by this pattern of behavior. In terms of genetic-
environmental, this example best illustrates a(n)
a.
active genotype-environment.
b.
evocative genotype-environment.
c.
passive genotype-environment.
d.
negative genotype-environment.
70. Baby Paolo smiles and coos so often and is so delightful that his parents feel compelled to smile and chatter right back
at him. Which sort of genetic environmental does this best illustrate?
a.
Active genotype-environment
b.
Evocative genotype-environment
c.
Passive genotype-environment
d.
Negative genotype-environment
71. The fact that parents provide their children with both their genes and an environment that is impacted by their own
genetic make-up defines the gene-environment correlation of
a.
active genotype-environment.
b.
evocative genotype-environment.
c.
passive genotype-environment.
d.
crossed genotype-environment.
72. Epigenetic effects alter the
a.
expression of genes
b.
occurrence of genes
c.
structure of genes
d.
makeup of genes
73. Which of the following is true of gene therapy?
a.
Gene therapy has proven to be successful with a wide range of diseases and is often the only hope for a cure.
b.
Gene therapy is widely viewed as unethical and is illegal in the United States.
c.
Because many diseases are the result of multiple genes and their interactions with other genes and the
environment, gene therapy is unlikely to produce quick cures.
d.
Gene therapy has failed virtually every time it has been tried and has fallen out of favor with clinical
researchers.
74. Imagine that at the beginning of time on Earth, frogs were all different colors of the rainbow. Over generations almost
all frogs became green because the color camouflaged them in their leafy environments. This is an example of
a.
systemic adaptation.
b.
species heredity.
c.
natural selection.
d.
cultural evolution.
75. Which of the following would NOT trigger the process of cultural evolution?
a.
the invention of the telegraph
b.
a mandate for communal housing
c.
the emergence of a new virus
d.
the elimination of grocery stores
76. Biological evolution is grounded in genetic adaptation, whereas cultural evolution is grounded in ________
adaptation.
a.
political
b.
physical
c.
social
d.
emotional
77. Why would men’s reproductive cells be more vulnerable to environmental influences than women’s reproductive
cells?
a.
Men use all available cells for meiosis.
b.
Men have both X and Y chromosomes.
c.
Men create sperm throughout their life.
d.
Men have more repressed gene expression.
78. A medical research firm developed a new test for bipolar disorder that tries to identify if specific series of genome
codes are missing in a person’s DNA. What is the focus of the firm’s test?
a.
chorionic villus samples
b.
copy number variations
c.
diathesis-stress markers
d.
autosomal mutations
79. If the standard code for a particular segment of DNA is TCA-GAG–GTG-AAA, what is evidenced by the code TCA-
GAG-TCA-AAA in that segment of someone’s DNA?
a.
copy number variation
b.
genetic crossing over
c.
genetic mutation
d.
gene-pair inheritance
80. Which of the following can cause intellectual deficits that progress as it is passed down through generations?
a.
Huntington’s disease
b.
Fragile X syndrome
c.
Tay-Sachs disease
d.
Down syndrome
81. Although she is in fine health, Dorothy’s son has been diagnosed with a metabolic disorder that results in intellectual
disability and is caused by a missing enzyme. Which of the following best describes Dorothy?
a.
recessive for CNV
b.
carrier for PKU
c.
dominant for CVS
d.
polygenic for ADHD
82. Which of the following is critical for a heritability study on intelligence?
a.
the subject’s genotype
b.
the subject’s IQ score
c.
a large sample size
d.
a control with average IQ
83. Which of the following research methods would require the most resources and produce the widest range of data?
a.
adoption study
b.
twin study
c.
family study
d.
surrogate study
84. In a study of 100 fraternal twin pairs, 27 pairs both disliked the flavor of coffee. The findings of this research are an
example of.
a.
concordance
b.
crossing over
c.
causality
d.
correlation
85. Which of the following indicates strong concordance for a particular social trait among identical twins?
a.
+.82
b.
38%
c.
−.68
d.
79%