CHAPTER THREE
QUESTIONS
1. Behavior that has as its goal the infliction of harm upon another person who is in turn
motivated to avoid the harm, is called
a. violence
b. aggression
c. crime
d. hostility
2. _______________ aggression is impulsive or thoughtless and driven by anger.
a. affective
b. instrumental
c. sentimental
d. biological
3. Aggression that is a premeditated means of obtaining some goal other than just harming the
victim is called _______________ aggression.
a. affective
b. instrumental
c. sentimental
d. biological
4. Self-defense would be an example of _______________ aggression.
a. justifiable
b. criminal
c. involuntary
d. instrumental
5. The study of facial features for the classification of criminal behavior is referred to as
a. phrenology
b. constitutionalism
c. primitivism
d. physiognomy
6. The study of bumps on the head for the classification of criminal behavior is referred to as
a. phrenology
b. constitutionalism
c. primitivism
d. physiognomy
7. The study of body type and physique for the classification of criminal behavior is referred to
as
a. phrenology
b. physiognomy
c. somatotyping
d. none of the above
8. Men possessing the XYY chromosome configuration, which has been linked to violence,
have been called
a. hyper males
b. hostile males
c. super males
d. psychoactive males
9. There is evidence from animal research that the neurotransmitter serotonin plays a key role in
mediating
a. suicidal behavior
b. aggressive behavior
c. violent imagery
d. drug use
10. The limbic system includes the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the
a. amygdala
b. cortex
c. thalamus
d. cerebrum
11. Measures of brain functioning include all the following except a(n)
a. EEG
b. PET
c. TAC
d. both a and b
12. The zoological study of animal behavior is called
a. natural selection
b. zoology
c. ethology
d. morphology
13. Genetically-programmed behaviors are most commonly referred to as
a. adaptations
b. instincts
c. heredity
d. ontogenetic development
14. The “hydraulic model” of instinctive behavior is best associated with
a. Konrad Lorenz
b. Ernst Kretschmer
c. Booth & Osgood
d. William Sheldon
15. One of the earliest and most widely known theories of aggression described aggression as
being instigated by
a. modeling
b. blocked energy
c. defense mechanisms
d. frustration
16. The view that frustration emerges when environmental circumstances interfere with a
desired goal response, is called the
a. species-defense hypothesis
b. frustration-aggression hypothesis
c. cognitive-defense hypothesis
d. imitation hypothesis
17. It has been proposed that aggressive behavior may be controlled by learned ways of
responding that are stored in a person’s memory and used as guides for behavior and social
problem solving. These are called
a. cathartic behaviors
b. communal defense responses
c. revised frustration-aggression behaviors
d. cognitive scripts
18. The social learning theory of aggression is most associated with
a. John Dollard
b. Konrad Lorenz
c. Albert Bandura
d. Niko Tinbergen
19. According to the social learning model of aggression, aggressive behavior in children is
acquired through
a. inhibition
b. disappointment
c. imitation
d. autonomic stimulation
20. A long-standing and maladaptive pattern of perceiving and responding to other people and to
stressful circumstances, is best referred to as a(n)
a. personality disorder
b. neurosis
c. transference
d. irresponsibility dilemma
21. The “cluster” of personality representative of impulsive aggression in the DSM-IV is
a. “angry and hostile”
b. “dramatic and emotional”
c. “fearful and avoidant”
d. “likeable and pleasant”
22. Individuals with an inflated sense of self-worth without a strong set of beliefs that support
this sense of superiority are often referred to as
a. vindictive
b. impulsive
c. affective
d. narcissistic
23. A person who exhibits repeated criminal activity, lying, unreliability, irresponsibility,
manipulativeness, and a disregard for the rights of others and the standards of society, can be
referred to as a(n)
a. antisocial personality
b. narcissistic personality
c. borderline personality
d. all the above
24. According to Erich Fromm, this type of person shows the inability to respond to things
and people around oneself with real interest, shows a lack of appetite for life, a lack of any
deep interest in anything or anybody, and a deep sense of powerlessness and resignation.
a. the self-regulating character
b. the bored character
c. the narcissistic character
d. the paranoid character
25. Research shows that the mere presence of weapons in pictures or in the natural environment
increases aggressive behavior in both angered and non-angered adults. This is called the
a. trigger effect
b. dagger effect
c. weapons effect
d. destruction effect
26. According to the _______________, alcohol weakens brain mechanisms that normally
restrain impulsive behaviors, including inappropriate aggression.
a. social cues hypothesis
b. toxicology hypothesis
c. disinhibition hypothesis
d. neurochemical change hypothesis
27. Which of the following has been found to increase irritability and aggression?
a. cannabis
b. anabolic steroids
c. cocaine
d. all the above
28. “The killing of a human being caused by another” is the definition of
a. homicide
b. murder
c. manslaughter
d. felony murder
29. Law originating in England which is handed down from judge to judge and court to court is
referred to as
a. common law
b. statutory law
c. civil law
d. criminal law
30. The shooting of a dead person is not homicide because
a. there is no intent to kill
b. the person is not a “life in being”
c. it did not “hasten the inevitable”
d. there is no mens rea
31. Murder can be defined as
a. the failure to act where there is a duty to act, resulting in the death of a human being
b. the unlawful killing of a human being committed with malice
c. neither a or b
d. both a and b
32. The physical or external part of a crime is the
a. mens rea
b. malum in se
c. actus reus
d. malum prohibitum
33. The mental or internal component of a crime is the
a. mens rea
b. malum in se
c. actus reus
d. malum prohibitum
34. This doctrine used to establish intent, states that one who intentionally uses a deadly
weapon to kill another human being and thereby kills him/her, presumably intended
to kill him/her.
a. transferred intent doctrine
b. deadly weapon doctrine
c. express malice doctrine
d. malevolent action doctrine
35. John shot Mary with the intention of killing her, but he missed and killed Alice instead.
John is most likely guilty of
a. nothing
b. negligent homicide
c. manslaughter
d. murder
36. Brenda shoots Bob with the intention of stopping him from leaving but not to kill him.
He dies from his wounds. Brenda is most likely guilty of
a. nothing
b. negligent homicide
c. manslaughter
d. murder
37. Ken drives his sports car at 100 miles per hour through a school zone while children are
present and kills a child. Ken is most likely guilty of
a. reckless abandonment
b. negligent homicide
c. manslaughter
d. murder
38. William burns down Fred’s house not knowing that Fred was inside. Fred dies in the fire.
William is most likely guilty of
a. wanton murder
b. felony murder
c. transferred intent murder
d. none of the above
39. Ross sets fire to Kent’s house. On the trip back from putting out the fire, a firefighter
falls off the fire truck and is killed. Ross is most likely guilty of
a. wanton murder
b. felony murder
c. transferred intent murder
d. none of the above
40. An act which is “wrong in itself,” and by its very nature illegal because it violates the
natural, moral or public principles of a civilized society is called
a. malum in se
b. malum prohibitum
c. mens in se
d. actus prohibitum
41. In those jurisdictions not adopting the “Redline view,” if a co-felon is shot and killed by the
police while trying to escape the scene of a crime, the remaining co-felon is likely guilty of
a. felony murder
b. misdemeanor murder
c. depraved heart murder
d. felonious escape
42. In most jurisdictions first-degree murder would include
a. murder committed with premeditation and deliberation
b. murder committed with atrocity or cruelty
c. committed by torture
d. any of the above
43. Which of the following, if present, would help to establish premeditation?
a. the defendant’s prior possession of the murder weapon
b. the defendant’s surreptitious approach toward the victim
c. prior threats by the defendant to do violence to the victim
d. any of the above
44. A killing with malice aforethought, but without premeditation and deliberation is best
defined as
a. manslaughter
b. second-degree murder
c. misdemeanor murder
d. depraved heart murder
45. An intentional homicide under extenuating circumstances that mitigates, but does not
justify or excuse the killing, is
a. second-degree murder
b. premeditated murder
c. involuntary manslaughter
d. voluntary manslaughter
46. An unintentional homicide, committed without malice, which is neither justified nor
excused, is
a. second-degree murder
b. premeditated murder
c. involuntary manslaughter
d. voluntary manslaughter
47. Self-defense, defense of others, defense of one’s dwelling, and killing done under public
authority are all examples of
a. excusable homicide
b. justifiable homicide
c. defensive homicide
d. assault
48. Which of the following are prerequisites for a person to use deadly force in self-defense?
a. a woman is threatened by a man wielding a knife
b. a man is threatened by another man who says that he will kill him next month
c. a man is threatened by a woman with a toy gun which looks real and he believes is real
d. both a and c
49. Which of the following is not a condition for an excusable homicide?
a. duress
b. jealousy
c. necessity
d. mistake of fact
50. A(n) _______________ is an attempt or threat to inflict harm upon a person, or an
intentional placing of another person in apprehension of being harmed.
a. assault
b. threat
c. battery
d. non-physical battery
51. The unlawful application of force to the person of another or to an extension of the other,
is called
a. rape
b. hazing
c. physical inducement
b. battery
Chapter 3 ANSWERS