Chapter 20: Pregnancy, Development, and Lactation
Colville: Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians, 3rd Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Sexual stimuli in the male results from high levels of __ in the female.
a.
estrogen
b.
progesterone
c.
progestins
d.
testosterone
2. An erect penis has
a.
more blood being brought to erectile tissue by arteries and veins than when the
male is not sexually stimulated.
b.
more blood entering erectile tissue from arteries than leaving through veins.
c.
more semen entering erectile tissue from veins than leaving through arteries.
d.
more semen pooled in the root of the penis than when the penis is not erect.
3. Intromission is the term for
a.
ejaculation.
b.
insertion of a penis into a vagina.
c.
the changes spermatozoa undergo in the female reproductive tract.
d.
the time it takes for spermatozoa to reach an ovum.
4. Which two species deposit semen directly into the uterus during ejaculation?
a.
bovine and equine
b.
caprine and bovine
c.
equine and porcine
d.
porcine and caprine
5. In species that don’t deposit semen directly into the uterus, where does ejaculation deposit the
semen?
a.
cervix
b.
lower portion of the vagina
c.
upper portion of the vagina
d.
vestibule of the vulva
6. Copulation results in the release of __, a hormone, from the posterior pituitary gland.
a.
FSH
b.
LH
c.
oxytocin
d.
prolactin
7. Spermatozoa are transported to the oviducts in just minutes due primarily to
a.
infundibulum movements.
b.
their own motility.
c.
uterine contractions.
d.
vaginal contractions.
8. Capacitation is the term for
a.
ejaculation.
b.
insertion of a penis into a vagina.
c.
the changes spermatozoa undergo in the female reproductive tract.
d.
the time it takes for spermatozoa to reach an oviduct.
9. The acrosome of the spermatozoa is found
a.
at the caudal tip of the tail of the spermatozoa.
b.
covering the head of the spermatozoa.
c.
encircling the midpiece of the spermatozoa.
d.
in the nucleus of the spermatozoa.
10. The acrosome of the spermatozoa contains
a.
a diploid number of chromosomes.
b.
a haploid number of chromosomes.
c.
digestive enzymes.
d.
male sex hormones.
11. What is the maximum number of spermatozoa that can enter an ovum to fertilize the ovum?
a.
0
b.
1
c.
2
d.
4
12. In addition to the corona radiata, a spermatozoon must also pass through the __, a thick gel
that surrounds the ovum, to fertilize the ovum.
a.
acrosome
b.
corpus hemorrhagicum
c.
corpus luteum
d.
zona pellucida
13. As soon as an ovum is fertilized it is called a
a.
blastocyst.
b.
morula.
c.
pronucleus.
d.
zygote.
14. A pronucleus has a
a.
diploid chromosome number.
b.
haploid chromosome number.
c.
hollow center with a bump of cells on one side.
d.
solid center.
15. The rapid mitosis that occurs while the fertilized ovum is moving toward the uterus is
a.
cleavage.
b.
meiosis.
c.
metaphase.
d.
telophase.
16. What stage of zygote development implants in the uterus?
a.
blastocyst
b.
embryo
c.
fetus
d.
morula
17. Implantation occurs in the __ of the uterus.
a.
endometrium
b.
myometrium
c.
fallopian tube
d.
cervix
18. The multilayered, fluid-filled, membranous sac that develops around an embryo is the
a.
allantoic sac.
b.
amnionic sac.
c.
placenta.
d.
umbilicus.
19. The umbilical cord connects the
a.
fetus to the placenta.
b.
fetus to the umbilical artery.
c.
fetus to the umbilical vein.
d.
fetus to the urachus.
20. The blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to the developing fetus is the
a.
placental artery.
b.
placental vein.
c.
umbilical artery.
d.
umbilical vein.
21. The urachus carries fluid from the fetal urinary bladder to the
a.
allantoic sac.
b.
amnionic sac.
c.
umbilical artery.
d.
umbilical vein.
22. How many placental sacs surround a fetus during its development?
a.
0
b.
1
c.
2
d.
4
23. The part of the placenta that attaches to the uterus is the
a.
allantois.
b.
amnion.
c.
chorion.
d.
urachus.
24. Which membrane of the placenta forms a sac immediately around the fetus?
a.
allantois
b.
amnion
c.
chorion
d.
urachus
25. Which type of placental attachment is characterized by attachment sites called placentomes?
a.
cotyledonary
b.
diffuse
c.
discoid
d.
zonary
26. A placentome consists of an area on the surface of the placenta called the
a.
carbuncle.
b.
caruncle.
c.
coronary band.
d.
cotyledon.
27. A placentome consists of an area on the lining of the uterus called the
a.
carbuncle.
b.
caruncle.
c.
coronary band.
d.
cotyledon.
28. Which type of placental attachment is seen in dogs and cats?
a.
cotyledonary
b.
diffuse
c.
discoid
d.
zonary
29. Which type of placental attachment is seen in pigs and horses?
a.
cotyledonary
b.
diffuse
c.
discoid
d.
zonary
30. Which type of placental attachment is most likely to give rise to a retained placenta?
a.
cotyledonary
b.
diffuse
c.
discoid
d.
zonary
31. Which type of placental attachment is seen in cattle and sheep?
a.
cotyledonary
b.
diffuse
c.
discoid
d.
zonary
32. When does an embryo become a fetus?
a.
during the first trimester of pregnancy
b.
during the second trimester of pregnancy
c.
during the third trimester of pregnancy
d.
during travel from the oviduct to the uterus
33. When during pregnancy do body tissues, organs, and systems develop?
a.
during the first trimester of pregnancy
b.
during the fourth trimester of pregnancy
c.
during the second trimester of pregnancy
d.
during the third trimester of pregnancy
34. The period of pregnancy for dogs and cats is approximately
a.
1 month.
b.
2 months.
c.
3 weeks.
d.
5 months.
35. Humans and __ have approximately the same period of pregnancy, 9 months.
a.
cattle
b.
elephants
c.
horses
d.
pigs
36. What three compounds must interact to begin uterine contractions?
a.
estrogen, oxytocin, prostaglandin F2-alpha
b.
glucocorticoid hormones, estrogen, oxytocin
c.
oxytocin, progesterone, glucocorticoid hormones
d.
prostaglandin F2-alpha, progesterone, oxytocin
37. During what stage of labor does the cervix relax?
a.
first stage
b.
fourth stage
c.
second stage
d.
third stage
38. During what stage of labor do the placental sacs rupture?
a.
first stage
b.
fourth stage
c.
second stage
d.
third stage
39. Which stage of the labor is characterized by strong uterine and abdominal muscle
contractions?
a.
first stage
b.
fourth stage
c.
second stage
d.
third stage
40. During what stage of labor is the placenta delivered?
a.
first stage
b.
fourth stage
c.
second stage
d.
third stage
41. During what stage of labor is the fetus delivered?
a.
first stage
b.
fourth stage
c.
second stage
d.
third stage
42. Another name for a difficult birth is
a.
dyskinesia.
b.
dysplasia.
c.
dystocia.
d.
dystopia.
43. An embryotomy is performed on a/an
a.
abnormally presented fetus.
b.
dead fetus.
c.
overdue fetus.
d.
retained placenta.
44. The return of the uterus to its nonpregnant size after giving birth is called _ of the uterus.
a.
introversion
b.
invagination
c.
inversion
d.
involution
45. Which species of animal has mammary glands only in the inguinal region?
a.
canine
b.
equine
c.
feline
d.
porcine
46. How many quarters of a bovine udder share one milk-secreting system?
a.
four
b.
none
c.
one
d.
two
47. Where does milk accumulate when milk letdown has occurred?
a.
alveolar duct and alveoli
b.
alveoli and gland sinus
c.
gland sinus and teat sinus
d.
teat sinus and alveolar duct
48. The milk-secreting units of the mammary gland are the
a.
alveolar ducts.
b.
alveoli.
c.
gland sinuses.
d.
teat sinuses.
49. The streak canal connects the __ to the outside.
a.
alveolar ducts
b.
alveoli
c.
gland sinus
d.
teat sinus
50. Most of the hormones from the __ are involved in some way with mammary gland growth and
development.
a.
adrenal medulla
b.
anterior pituitary gland
c.
parathyroid gland
d.
pineal gland
51. Lactation is started under the influence of
a.
adrenal cortex hormones, progestins, and growth hormones.
b.
estrogen, prolactin, and progesterone.
c.
progestins, growth hormones, and estrogen.
d.
prolactin, growth hormone, and adrenal cortex hormones.
52. Lactation begins
a.
immediately after implantation.
b.
immediately after parturition.
c.
toward the beginning of the second trimester.
d.
toward the end of the third trimester of pregnancy.
53. The difference between milk and colostrum is that colostrum has
a.
a higher level of antibodies.
b.
a longer period of production.
c.
a lower level of amino acids.
d.
a lower level of fats.
54. In order for passive immunity to be transferred from mother to offspring, the newborn must
have colostrum within
a.
a few days after birth.
b.
a few hours after birth.
c.
a few minutes after birth.
d.
a month after birth.
55. How long does the passive immunity a newborn receives from its mother last?
a.
14-16 weeks
b.
2-3 weeks
c.
6-8 weeks
d.
unknown
56. There is often a normal short delay between when a newborn starts nursing and when milk
starts freely flowing from the teat because of a delay in the action of
a.
epinephrine.
b.
glucocorticosteroids.
c.
oxytocin.
d.
prolactin.