d.
a child’s behaviors
86. After reading about various developmental theorists, Quentin became fascinated with Vygotsky’s perspective. Now
that he is formally a researcher, which of the following is the likely focus of Quentin’s work?
a.
environment as systems
b.
media as models
c.
language as culture
d.
time as reinforcement
87. The cognitive deficits that occur in someone who has Alzheimer’s disease demonstrates a component of which theory
on human development?
a.
b.
c.
d.
88. Damon is preparing to deliver a speech on the interdependent developmental dynamic between humans and their
environment. Who will Damon likely reference in his speech?
a.
Piaget
b.
Bronfenbrenner
c.
Watson
d.
Skinner
89. Why did Bronfenbrenner call his framework for human development “bioecological”?
a.
because he believed that development reflects people and their environment
b.
because he believed that humans tend to conserve their developmental energy
c.
because he believed that genetics play the primary role in development
d.
because he believed that environmental damage is affecting human development
90. Compared to Bronfenbrenner’s model, the earlier theorists all generally believed that human development ________
a.
derives from conflict
b.
takes place in a vacuum
c.
engages many factors
d.
varies per individual
91. Erikson’s perspective on development focused on conflicts, whereas Vygotsky focused on ________ and
Bronfenbrenner focused on ________.
a.
systems; cultures
b.
cultures; tools
c.
tools; transactions
d.
transactions; behaviors
92. Which term best reflects the scope of Bronfenbrenner’s chronosystem?
a.
micro
b.
multilevel
c.
exo
d.
macro
93. Lynette has always been afraid of public speaking, but she needs to add this skill if she wants to advance in her
company. Recently she joined a group that meets weekly to deliver short speeches and offer each other feedback. Which
of the following best describes what Lynette is engaged in?
a.
information processing
b.
reciprocal determinism
c.
latent learning
d.
proximal processing
94. Bronfenbrenner would say that summer camp provides adolescent children with opportunities for proximal processes
that can help in developing their ________.
a.
sexual maturity
b.
social competence
c.
concrete operations
d.
self-efficacy
95. In his research on adolescent boys’ development of methods to deal with conflict, Victor made sure to identify and
explore the ethnic backgrounds of his subjects. What element of the PPCT model is Victor focusing on in this aspect of
his research?
a.
time
b.
context
c.
person
d.
process
96. Which of the following developmental theorists most emphasized the “C” component of Bronfenbrenner’s PPCT
model?
a.
Vygotsky
b.
Freud
c.
Bandura
d.
Watson
97. Which of the following developmental theorists most emphasized the “process” component of the PPCT model?
a.
Erikson
b.
Freud
c.
Skinner
d.
Bronfenbrenner
98. Systems theories of development are popular with contemporary scientists because they reflect the ________nature of
human life.
a.
transactional
b.
universal
c.
biological
d.
complex
99. A key criticism of Bronfenbrenner’s theory of development is that it ________
a.
can be easily generalized.
b.
is too individualistic.
c.
limits social influences.
d.
is lacking in structure.
100. On Saturdays, Halima’s grandmother shows her how to make some of the family’s favorite recipes from their home
country. Bronfenbrenner would view these experiences as ________.
a.
overimitation.
b.
transactions.
c.
latent learning.
d.
use of tools.
101. Discontinuity theorists believe that development involves primarily quantitative changes in human behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
102. The ego is the irrational, impulsive component of personality that serves only to satisfy one’s instincts.
a.
True
b.
False
103. Erikson suggested that humans develop over a series of psychosexual stages.
a.
True
b.
False
104. Negative punishment involves the removal of something pleasant that results in behavior decreasing in frequency.
a.
True
b.
False
105. According to Piaget, children construct their own understanding of the world based on their experiences.
a.
True
b.
False
106. An important focus of systems theory is in understanding the behavior of individuals in their environment.
a.
True
b.
False
107. Stage theorists tend to view parents as supporters of development, while learning theorists tend to view parents as
supporters of behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
108. When a five-year-old girl performs every action that her mother does while making dinner – including singing to the
radio and dropping a pan on the floor – the child is demonstrating the concept of reciprocity.
a.
True
b.
False
109. Amir is a strong proponent of Vygotsky’s perspective, so he views development as being driven by universal formal
transactions of cognitive information.
a.
True
b.
False
110. Bronfenbrenner’s PPCT model encourages researchers to emphasize proximity and chronology when studying
human development.
a.
True
b.
False
111. Compare and contrast the developmental assumptions of nature versus nurture, activity versus passivity, continuity
versus discontinuity, and universality versus context-specificity.
112. Describe Piaget’s preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations stages of development using examples
from children or adults you have met (including yourself).
Answer not provided
113. Explain and provide examples of the concepts of negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and extinction.
114. Describe how children’s development of early language skills would be viewed by the eight perspectives that
comprise the issues of nature-nurture, activity-passivity, continuity-discontinuity, and universality-context specificity.
115. Identify the psychosexual and psychosocial stage that a 14-year-old experiences, and compare the conflicts faced in
the two stages.
116. Explain the relationship between Bandura’s concepts of self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism, and provide an
example of these concepts at work in a person’s life.
117. Describe the sociocultural perspective and the information-processing approach to development, and explain how
they address limitations in Piaget’s perspective on development.
118. Explain how Bronfenbrenner’s perspective may require each person to have his or her own developmental theory,
and why this could be problematic for scientific research.
119. Explain how a researcher would apply Bronfenbrenner’s PPCT model to a study of adolescent development of
responsible sexual behavior.
120. Which theory of human development do you feel is most valid: stage theory, learning theory, systems theory, or
eclecticism? Explain your reasoning and provide examples to support it.