c.
when genetics determine a behavior.
d.
through vicarious reinforcement.
53. During the _____ stage of development, individuals lack the ability to use symbols.
a.
concrete operations
b.
formal operations
c.
preoperational
d.
sensorimotor
54. Lakesha watches as her mom puts a couple of drops of red food coloring into her glass of water. Although Lakesha
tasted the water just before her mom put in the drops, she now believes that her water will taste like fruit punch. Piaget
would most likely argue that Lakesha is in the _____ stage of development.
a.
concrete operations
b.
formal operations
c.
preoperational
d.
sensorimotor
55. Who would be most likely to believe that the horrible-sounding music his band is playing actually sounds good, just
because he wants the band to sound good?
a.
b.
c.
d.
56. What best describes the problem-solving approach of the concrete operational thinker?
a.
Systematic
b.
Scientific
c.
Trial and error
d.
One-step analysis
57. Molly has just entered the stage of formal operational thought. Something she can do now that she could not do before
is to
a.
engage in trial-and-error problem-solving.
b.
mentally classify objects in her head.
c.
think symbolically.
d.
deal effectively with purely hypothetical situations.
58. A major criticism of Piaget’s theory is that it
a.
has few practical applications.
b.
focuses too heavily on the importance of social relationships in determining the course of development.
c.
portrays children as passive learners.
d.
underestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.
59. Which type of theorist would be most likely to describe the human mind in terms of “mental hardware and software”?
a.
Psychoanalytic
b.
Constructivist
c.
Information-processing
d.
Operant conditioning
60. A theorist with a(n) _____ perspective would be most likely to focus on the interaction between a changing
environmental context and a person who is producing changes in the environment.
a.
psychoanalytic
b.
systems
c.
discontinuity
d.
operant conditioning
61. The greatest weakness of the systems theory of development is that it
a.
places too great an emphasis on genes.
b.
shows no appreciation for development during adulthood.
c.
fails to provide a coherent picture of development.
d.
views conscious factors as being as influential as unconscious factors.
62. In Bronfenbrenner’s theory, the interrelationships between microsystems form the
a.
chronosystem.
b.
exosystem.
c.
macrosystem.
d.
mesosystem.
63. In Bronfenbrenner’s theory, linkages involving social settings that individuals do not experience directly but that can
still influence their development are called the
a.
chronosystem.
b.
exosystem.
c.
macrosystem.
d.
mesosystem.
64. Chou’s mother had a terrible day at work and when she got home, snapped at him because he had not finished his
homework. This illustrates the impact of the
a.
chronosystem.
b.
exosystem.
c.
macrosystem.
d.
mesosystem.
65. People and their environments and the relations between the two change over time and unfold in particular patterns or
sequences over a person’s lifetime. This illustrates the
a.
chronosystem.
b.
exosystem.
c.
macrosystem.
d.
mesosystem.
66. Terrell has been refusing to go to school. Bronfenbrenner suggests that the problem has been aggravated by poor
communication between the school and Terrell’s parents. This illustrates the operation of the
a.
chronosystem.
b.
exosystem.
c.
macrosystem.
d.
mesosystem.
67. Anthony has been refusing to go to school. Anthony’s culture places great emphasis on academic achievement and
expects that young people will get no grade lower than an A, and his teacher wonders whether that may be influencing
Anthony’s school refusal. This illustrates operation of the
a.
chronosystem.
b.
exosystem.
c.
macrosystem.
d.
mesosystem.
68. As a strong believer in learning theory, Dr. Sanchez would be most likely to describe parents as _____ of their
children.
a.
trainers
b.
supporters
c.
partners
d.
genetic-precursors
69. Which statement best exemplifies the perspective held by most 21st century developmentalists?
a.
Extreme black-and-white positions are in vogue.
b.
Freudian ideas (especially those concerning the issues of child sexual fantasy) are more accepted than ever.
c.
Learning approaches are effective at describing the development of thoughts but not effective at explaining the
acquisition of behaviors.
d.
Humans and their environments mutually interact to influence development.
70. Dr. Leung believes that no one theory can explain human development and has developed an approach that
incorporates elements from many of the major theories. Given this description, Dr. Leung is best classified as a(n) _____
theorist.
a.
psychodynamic
b.
ethological
c.
eclectic
d.
sociocultural
71. Donna sometimes gets overwhelmed even thinking about research on human development, because there is so much
data out there to consider. She is grateful that others have developed theories, because it helps her to determine which data
is
a.
logical.
b.
relevant.
c.
proven.
d.
ethical.
72. The ability of a theory to provide researchers with a sense of the “big picture” reflects which benefit of scientific
theories?
a.
validity
b.
continuity
c.
prediction
d.
organization
73. DeShaun prefers to focus his developmental research on things he can observe in a laboratory setting. He avoids
conducting research into Freud’s developmental theories because they are too ________
a.
sexual.
b.
contextual.
c.
unconscious.
d.
universal
74. Sheldon proudly proclaims himself to be a man of science, who is guided by facts. Would Sheldon support Freud’s
theories on human development?
a.
Yes, they are easily observed.
b.
No, they are not sequential.
c.
Yes, they are highly rational.
d.
No, they are too ambiguous.
75. Erikson’s theory offers value to scientists because it ________ a key aspect of human development.
a.
explains
b.
delineates
c.
validates
d.
justifies
76. Erikson’s psychosocial theory is more useful than Freud’s psychosexual theory because
a.
it is easily testable.
b.
it emphasizes cognition.
c.
it is more comprehensive.
d.
it is more contextual.
77. Some theorists believe that humans are more passive in development, while others believe they are more active.
Which of the following correctly lists the theorists from a highly passive perspective to a highly active perspective?.
a.
Erikson, Bandura, Skinner, Freud
b.
Bandura, Skinner, Erikson, Freud
c.
Freud, Erikson, Skinner, Bandura
d.
Freud, Skinner, Bandura, Erikson
78. Marisol is a strong supporter of the learning theories, so she believes that human development is
a.
individualistic.
b.
systemic.
c.
sequential.
d.
conflicted.
79. As a human development researcher, Thuy prefers working with learning theories because she believes they are more
________ than other theories.
a.
testable
b.
realistic
c.
ordered
d.
emotional
80. Clayton’s friends have been known to call him a bit of a control freak. He has no problem with that label; he prefers to
be the master of his own universe – even when it comes to his developmental journey through life. Which theorist would
Clayton consider as his champion?.
a.
Skinner
b.
Erikson
c.
Bandura
d.
Watson
81. Priya is participating in a research project intended to alter her behavior through learning theory, which in her case is
successful. Watson would say that Priya’s behavior was guided by ________, whereas Bandura would say that her
behavior was guided by ________.
a.
perceptions; consequences
b.
stimuli; consequences
c.
consequences; stimuli
d.
stimuli; perceptions
82. Compared to earlier learning theorists, Bandura would say that human development is more
a.
concentric.
b.
participatory.
c.
emotional.
d.
formalized.
83. Although not as popular among scientists as it once was, Piaget’s cognitive theory of development still has influence
in the field of
a.
human resources.
b.
gerontology.
c.
neurology.
d.
education.
84. Some public figures in America seem to believe that the world revolves around them and cannot comprehend any
ideas or perspectives other than their own. Piaget would say that these adults are acting more like ________
a.
2-year-olds
b.
4-year-olds
c.
7-year-olds
d.
11-year-olds
85. A developmental scientist who wanted to point out weaknesses in Piaget’s theory of development would have the
most success focusing on which of the following?
a.
a child’s age
b.
a child’s culture
c.
a child’s models