Chapter 16: Developmental Psychopathology
1. All of the following are criteria that have been used for identifying psychologically abnormal behavior EXCEPT that
a.
behavior must be statistically outside of the normal range.
b.
behavior must be present prior to young adulthood.
c.
behavior must interfere with personal and social adaptation.
d.
behavior must cause personal distress.
2. When describing his problem, John says, “I know that my fear of spiders is not that unusual and that I still have my job
as an exterminator, but this fear is mentally killing me!” John’s comments illustrate the criteria of _____ in defining
abnormal behavior.
a.
maladaptiveness
b.
personal distress
c.
statistical deviance
d.
joint attention
3. To be accurately diagnosed with major depressive disorder, you would have to display at least five symptoms from a
nine-symptom list. That nine-item list includes all of the following EXCEPT
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. How are cultural considerations handled in the DSM-5 section on depression?
a.
It has separate diagnostic criteria to be used in each of the industrialized nations.
b.
It indicates that individuals from certain cultures report somatic ailments more than psychological ailments.
c.
It notes that in many cultures the preferred treatment of depression is “spiritual cleansing.”
d.
It emphasizes that cultural and developmental variations are irrelevant to diagnosis and treatment.
5. As developmental psychologists, Sroufe and Rutter (2000) argue that psychological disorders are best
a.
described in terms of a disease.
b.
viewed as adaptation that occurs over time.
c.
thought to be defects lying within the person.
d.
attributed to individual predispositions.
6. Which statement best describes an element of the developmental pathways model?
a.
Different developmental pathways can lead to the same outcome.
b.
Change is only possible during one specific point of development.
c.
A particular pathway can lead only in one direction.
d.
The line between normal and abnormal behavior is clear and absolute.
7. According to the developmental pathways model,
a.
psychological disorders are best characterized as diseases.
b.
once a person’s behavior deviates from the normal path, it will not return to normal.
c.
normal genes and normal environments tend to push development along a normal course.
d.
with age, individuals whose early development is maladaptive will almost always show deviation back to the
norm.
8. The fact that depressed children in Thailand are less likely to engage in “acting out” behavior due to a cultural emphasis
on internalizing problems illustrates the concept of _____ norms.
a.
test
b.
social
c.
gender
d.
age
9. The question, “Is it appropriate for a toddler to suck his thumb, but inappropriate for a woman to engage in the same
behavior?” underlies the issue of
a.
gender roles.
b.
comorbidity.
c.
generativity.
d.
age norms.
10. In the diathesis-stress model, the term diathesis refers to a(n)
a.
predisposition toward vulnerability.
b.
state of calm.
c.
environmental event.
d.
social norm.
11. If research indicated that having a faulty ABOC2 gene made an individual at risk for developing schizophrenia, then
for this disorder the damaged gene would be a
a.
somatic symptom.
b.
recessive trait.
c.
diathesis.
d.
comorbid factor.
12. According to the diathesis-stress model, who would be the most likely to show the most extreme levels of a
psychological disorder?
Farzad, who is highly vulnerable and in an extremely stressful environment
a.
Bert, who is highly resilient and in an extremely stressful environment
b.
Lorena, who is highly resilient and in a very low-stress environment
c.
Farzad, who is highly vulnerable and in an extremely stressful environment
d.
Gretchen, who is highly vulnerable and in a very low-stress environment
13. As a proponent of the diathesis-stress theory, Dr. Leung would predict that if stress is the sole contributor to
depression, then in a group of 100 individuals all carrying the same “at-risk gene” for depression who live in a stress-free
world, _____ individuals would develop depression.
a.
no
b.
25
c.
50
d.
100
14. Suppose two people experience the same stressful events, and as a result of the experience, one person develops an
affective disorder while the second person shows no ill effects. The diathesis-stress model would most likely explain this
by saying that the
a.
person who developed the disorder was older than the other person.
b.
disordered person must be female and the other person must be male.
c.
two people had different predispositions for the disorder.
d.
person who developed the disorder was at risk for comorbidity.
15. Diathesis is to stress as
a.
gene is to the environment.
b.
externalized is to internalized.
c.
cultural is to individual.
d.
cause is to effect.
16. _____ is not a defining feature of autism.
a.
Abnormal social development
b.
Impaired language and communication
c.
Repetitive, stereotyped behavior
d.
Moderate to severe intellectual disability
17. Augie has been correctly diagnosed with autism. As such, you should expect that Augie will be most likely to
a.
be an empathetic individual.
b.
be adept at reading others’ emotions.
c.
insist on eye contact with peers.
d.
find social contact to be difficult.
18. A group of 10 children with autism spectrum disorder are touring a new treatment center with their parents. How
many of these children are securely attached with their parents?
a.
0
b.
2
c.
4
d.
6
19. Because individuals with autism spectrum disorder vary greatly in the degree and nature of their deficits, some
researchers have proposed that ASD
a.
represents several different disorders.
b.
is culturally determined.
c.
is caused by teratogen exposure.
d.
cannot be appropriately researched.
20. Why is autism referred to as a “spectrum” of disorders?
a.
It can occur at any time of the lifespan.
b.
It includes a wide variety of conditions.
c.
It impacts speech, behavior, and social skills.
d.
It is related to other anxiety and mood disorders.
21. Which statement concerning the incidence of autism is true?
a.
The rates of autism have declined in recent years.
b.
Autism affects about 1 out of every 10 children.
c.
The incidence of autism is higher in males.
d.
Most individuals with autism are highly intelligent.
22. What behavior would an infant display that would lead a competent doctor to accurately suspect the child has an
autism spectrum disorder?
a.
Failure to respond to human voices
b.
Excessive levels of joint attention
c.
Preferring human over nonhuman stimuli
d.
Demonstrating highly advanced cognitive function
23. Which statement concerning the intellectual abilities of individuals with ASDs is most accurate?
a.
Most individuals with ASDs are mildly to severely intellectually disabled.
b.
Individuals with ASDs tend to score lower on nonverbal than verbal measures of intelligence.
c.
Half or more of children with ASDs have intellectual disabilities.
d.
The description of some individuals with autism as “savants” is a myth.
24. Which statement concerning the long-term prognosis for autistic children is true?
a.
Most can be improved significantly through drug treatment.
b.
Most autistics achieve a normal level of functioning when they reach adulthood.
c.
Highly structured behavioral and educational programs can improve functioning of autistic children.
d.
Behavior modification programs have been shown to eliminate autism when applied early.
25. Lovaas conducted pioneering research on children with autism in which he was able to use _____ to significantly
improve their language and social skills.
a.
psychoactive medications
b.
psychoanalysis
c.
reinforcement principles
d.
mirror therapy
26. Depression-like symptoms are most likely to be seen in infants who
a.
show no somatic reactions.
b.
have experienced perinatal complications.
c.
are intellectually disabled.
d.
lack a secure attachment relationship.
27. Which of the following is true of depression in infants?
a.
Infants are capable of the negative cognitions associated with depression.
b.
Infants who display disorganized attachment are at risk for depression.
c.
DSM-5 allows the diagnosis of depression in infants.
d.
The “evidence” of depression in infants is a function of anxious parents.
28. Internalizing is to externalizing as
a.
being inhibited is to acting out.
b.
aggression is to depression.
c.
undercontrolled is to overcontrolled.
d.
hyperactive is to inactive.
29. Who is displaying an externalizing problem?
a.
Damon, who is worrying about his psychology exam
b.
Shaolin, who is sulking in her backyard
c.
Trent, who hits other children on the playground
d.
Maggie, who is extremely shy around adults
30. Which of the following best describes an internalizing problem?
a.
More disruptive to self than others
b.
Almost always illegal
c.
Difficult to control one’s actions
d.
Violation of social expectations
31. Which of the following is an example of an internalizing disorder?
a.
Constantly interrupting the activities of others
b.
Constantly worrying about whether you are performing adequately
c.
Loudly refusing to follow the rules established for the classroom
d.
Hitting other children
32. Children who function well despite exposure to risk factors for disorder or overcoming even severe early problems to
become well adjusted are said to be
a.
compliant.
b.
resilient.
c.
indifferent.
d.
externalizers.
33. The fact that children with behavioral disorders are unlikely to exhibit these disorders as adults best illustrates the
concept of developmental
a.
continuity.
b.
discontinuity.
c.
comorbidity.
d.
rigidity.
34. The fact that children with anxiety problems are likely to exhibit similar disorders as adults best illustrates the concept
of developmental
a.
continuity.
b.
discontinuity.
c.
comorbidity.
d.
rigidity.
35. What is most influential in determining whether a childhood disorder will persist into adulthood?
a.
The child’s sex
b.
The severity of the disorder
c.
The child’s temperament
d.
The extent of internalization
36. Conrad’s psychologist has told him that he is both depressed and has an anxiety disorder. This indicates that Conrad
would accurately be described as
a.
being highly externalizing.
b.
having ADHD.
c.
demonstrating comorbidity.
d.
showing somatic symptoms.
37. Depressed preschool-aged children
a.
display the same behavioral and cognitive symptoms as do depressed adults.
b.
are most often extremely aggressive.
c.
usually mask their depression such that it is nearly impossible to detect that they are feeling sad.
d.
are less likely than adults to display cognitive symptoms of depression such as hopelessness.
38. Children who have a depressive disorder
a.
differ from adolescents and adults with depression, because children never attempt suicide.
b.
are easy to identify because they frequently talk about their negative feelings.
c.
often have problems with depression as adolescents and adults.
d.
seldom respond well to any form of psychotherapy.
39. As a cognitive behavioral therapist, Dr. Mansour’s main goal in treating a child with depression would be to
a.
explore all repressed memories.
b.
model appropriate social skills.
c.
change the child’s distorted thinking.
d.
teach parents to punish sadness and reward happiness.
40. Which is true with regard to psychological “health” during adolescence?
a.
Most adolescents suffer at some point from some sort of significant psychological disturbance.
b.
Few adolescents who are psychologically disturbed were maladjusted before they reached puberty.
c.
Adolescence is a time of heightened vulnerability for some forms of psychological disorders.
d.
Adolescents are far more likely than adults to experience some sort of psychological disturbance.
41. Which statement concerning adolescence is true?
a.
Most adolescents cope remarkably well with the challenges of this period of life.
b.
Most adolescents experience serious psychopathology during this period of life.
c.
Few adolescents engage in delinquent or risky behavior during this period of life.
d.
Adolescents have little difficulty with self-regulatory behaviors.
42. A group of 100 students at a women’s college have gathered to mark the start of their senior year. How many of these
students have experienced at least one eating disorder?
a.
5
b.
9
c.
12
d.
18
43. Denise is about average in height and weight, and is often dieting. From time to time, however, she sits down and eats
huge quantities of food all at once, after which, she makes herself vomit. Denise suffers from
Turner syndrome.
a.
anorexia nervosa.
b.
bulimia nervosa.
c.
Turner syndrome.
d.
Asperger syndrome.
44. Why does adolescence appear to be a prime time for the development of eating disorders in females?
a.
It is the first time that girls receive media images promoting thinness.
b.
The formal operational stage of thinking is required to develop the obsessive behaviors.
c.
The gene that controls eating does not “turn–on” until adolescence.
d.
The normal weight gain in puberty is viewed as problematic.
45. Which is the best example of a diathesis for anorexia nervosa?
a.
The media’s portrayal of women
b.
A gene that controls appetite
c.
Peer pressure to be thin
d.
Parental statements like, “Boys don’t date fat girls”
46. Raulena is a strong supporter of the Maudsley approach to treating anorexia nervosa, so she would be most likely to
suggest that the parents
a.
need to accept blame for the problem before therapy can be effective.
b.
stay out of the way and let the psychotherapists do their job unimpeded.
c.
must be a critical part of their child’s treatment team.
d.
should go on diets in support of their child.
47. A key reason for the difficulty in treating people with anorexia nervosa is
problems in properly diagnosing the disorder.
a.
patients’ strong resistance to admitting they have a problem.
b.
families who are resistant to changing the behavior of their children.
c.
problems in properly diagnosing the disorder.
d.
a common metabolic reaction in which the body craves excessive
calories.
48. Substance use disorders are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT___________.
a.
experiencing withdrawal when not using the substance
b.
using any illegal substance
c.
continuing the use of the substance despite adverse consequences
d.
developing tolerance
49. What would qualify 17-year-old Daniel as engaging in binge drinking?
a.
Consuming at least three different types of alcohol in one sitting
b.
Consuming alcohol for five days in a row
c.
Consuming alcohol with at least three peers present
d.
Consuming more than five drinks in a row in a single drinking session
50. The initial step in the cascade model of substance abuse involves
a.
exposure to harsh parenting.
b.
development of conduct problems.
c.
having a difficult temperament.
d.
living in a low SES household.
51. The final step in the cascade model of substance abuse involves
a.
having a parent who abuses drugs.
b.
being in a peer group that reinforces drug use.
c.
peer rejection at school.
d.
frustrated parents giving up on a deviant child.
52. The biggest complaint against the cascade model of substance abuse is that it
a.
has limited focus on environmental influences.
b.
explains abuse in adults but not in teens.
c.
needs to place greater emphasis diatheses.
d.
does not consider contextual factors.