Psychology Chapter 16 How do the views of Erikson and Vaillant differ with regard

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443

TEST BANK

CHAPTER 16: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

Multiple Choice Questions

TB_16_01_Erikson’s Generativity versus Stagnation Stage_LO 16.1_APA LO 1.2

Which of the following theorists viewed the issues of generativity and stagnation as critical issues that most middle-

aged adults must deal with?

A) Sigmund Freud

B) Erik Erikson

C) Jean Piaget

D) Albert Bandura

TB_16_02_Erikson’s Generativity versus Stagnation Stage_LO 16.1_APA LO 1.2

What is the term that Erikson uses to describe a desire to establish and guide the next generations?

A) Propagation

B) Reproduction

C) Generativity

D) Intimacy

TB_16_03_Erikson’s Generativity versus Stagnation Stage_LO 16.1_APA LO 1.2

According to Erikson, which of the following would cause a person to experience a mid-life crisis?

A) A sense of generativity

B) An external locus of control

C) A loss of self-efficacy

D) A sense of stagnation

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TB_16_04_Erikson’s Generativity versus Stagnation Stage_LO 16.1_APA LO 1.2

What is Erikson’s developmental task of middle adulthood?

A) Dialectical thought versus problem-resolution

B) Ego integrity versus despair

C) Generativity versus stagnation

D) Intimacy versus isolation

TB_16_05_Erikson’s Generativity versus Stagnation Stage_LO 16.1_APA LO 1.2

What does Erikson suggest is required for the expression of generativity?

A) Caring for others

B) Communicating effectively

C) Obeying the law

D) Optimum use of one’s intelligence

TB_16_06_Erikson’s Generativity versus Stagnation Stage_LO 16.1_APA LO 1.2

Darryl is a teacher who volunteers his free time working in a homeless shelter. According to Erikson, what is Darryl

experiencing?

A) A mid-life crisis

B) A sense of generativity

C) Volunteerism

D) A sense of stagnation

TB_16_07_Erikson’s Generativity versus Stagnation Stage_LO 16.1_APA LO 1.2

In a study conducted by Snarey et al., what did they learn about the generativity of men with no children?

A) The majority suffered from stagnation.

B) Those who rated high on generativity had found a non-relative child to nurture.

C) They had never had children because they were fatherless themselves.

D) The majority of childless men were married to women who had children from a previous relationship.

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TB_16_08_Erikson’s Generativity versus Stagnation Stage_LO 16.1_APA LO 1.2

Psychiatrist George Vaillant has identified a stage between intimacy and generativity. What is the name of this

stage?

A) Career generativity

B) Job satisfaction

C) Mid-life transition

D) Career consolidation

TB_16_09_Erikson’s Generativity versus Stagnation Stage_LO 16.1_APA LO 1.2

Which of the following is one of the outcomes of a career-based social network according to Vaillant?

A) Consternation

B) Competence

C) Contemplation

D) Complacency

TB_16_10_Erikson’s Generativity versus Stagnation Stage_LO 16.1_APA LO 1.2

Georgina is a middle-aged woman who volunteers as a tour guide at the local art museum and at the Museum of

Asian Culture. She does this because she believes that the arts are an important part of culture and must be preserved

and passed on to future generations. What term would Vaillant apply to Georgina?

A) Keeper of the meaning

B) Career committed

C) Generatively enabled

D) Caregiver of future generations

TB_16_11_Mid-Life Crisis: Fact or Fiction?_LO 16.2_APA LO 1.2

Which of the following is least likely to prompt the mid-life crisis described by Daniel Levinson?

A) Awareness of health risks

B) Accepting one’s own mortality

C) Purchasing a new home

D) Recognizing new physical limitations

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TB_16_12_Mid-Life Crisis: Fact or Fiction?_LO 16.2_APA LO 1.2

Which of the following best expresses Daniel Levinson’s idea about development at mid-life?

A) There is little variation in the personality characteristics of an individual at the age of 25, 50, 75, or 100.

B) A primary task of adulthood is to assist the next generation in developing into mature and competent individuals.

C) The developmental tasks of mid-life are likely to cause a crisis when an individual’s ability to cope is

overwhelmed.

D) Individuals whose life transitions are congruent with the social clock are able to more effectively adapt to the

challenges of mid-life.

TB_16_13_Mid-Life Crisis: Fact or Fiction?_LO 16.2_APA LO 1.2

Mrs. Jiminez has recently been promoted to administrator at the local nursing home, which means that she must be

at work by 7:00 A.M. Mrs. Jiminez also believes that she should provide her children with breakfast and supervision

before they get on the school bus at 7:30 each morning. What is Mrs. Jiminez experiencing?

A) Role conflict

B) Role strain

C) Stasis

D) Social life stress

TB_16_14_Mid-Life Crisis: Fact or Fiction?_LO 16.2_APA LO 1.2

Dorian just gave birth to her first child. When she first held the baby, Dorian wanted to scream in panic because she

had no idea how to be a mother. Social scientists would suggest that Dorian is experiencing

A) role ambiguity.

B) role overload.

C) role conflict.

D) role strain.

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TB_16_15_Mid-Life Crisis: Fact or Fiction?_LO 16.2_APA LO 1.2

When a person is confronted with a task that they are compelled to perform, but for which they are ill-prepared,

which of the following are they likely to experience?

A) Role strain

B) Stagnation

C) Role conflict

D) Role disparity

TB_16_16_Mid-Life Crisis: Fact or Fiction?_LO 16.2_APA LO 1.2

The person who is forced to take on responsibilities that are in constant competition with each other is experiencing

which of the following?

A) Role disparity

B) Role diffusion

C) Role conflict

TB_16_17_Partnerships_LO 16.3_APA LO 1.1

When a couple has learned which strategies work best when resolving disagreements, and therefore have a sense

that they have control of the relationship, they have accomplished which of the following?

A) Marital stability

B) Relationship confidence

C) Marital satisfaction

D) Marital self-efficacy

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TB_16_18_Partnerships_LO 16.3_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is the best example of the skilled diplomacy that middle-aged couples use to maintain the

stability of their relationship?

A) When Mr. and Mrs. Smith are having a marital conflict, Mrs. Smith asks one of their children to discuss the issue

with Mr. Smith.

B) If a problem occurs in the Jones marriage, Mrs. Jones first confronts Mr. Jones with the issue and then she works

to bring peace to their relationship.

C) Mr. and Mrs. Washington rely on the wisdom, humor, and practical advice of their religious advisor when a

problem arises in their marriage.

D) Mr. and Mrs. Lee agree that their marriage cannot withstand conflict, therefore disagreements or differences of

opinion are never voiced.

TB_16_19_The Role of Caregiver_LO 16.4_APA LO 1.1

An increase in life expectancy has caused one aspect of family life to change. Which of the following best illustrates

this change?

A) Adults are likely to spend more years caring for both younger and older generations in their family.

B) Adults spend fewer years in occupational roles and therefore have more time to spend with their family.

C) Parents have more children, and the average family size is larger than ever before in history.

D) Multi-generation families are much more rare than was true a generation ago.

TB_16_20_The Role of Caregiver_LO 16.4_APA LO 1.1

What does the term “sandwich generation” refer to?

A) Two-income families where the family members’ busy schedules mean that meals are seldom eaten together as a

family

B) Middle-aged adults who provide assistance to both their children and their aging parents

C) Middle-aged workers who find themselves trapped between dissatisfaction with their job and financial

obligations to their family

D) Mid-life childless couples whose career demands conflict with their desire to spend time with their family

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TB_16_21_Research Report_LO 16.4_APA LO 1.1

What does the term “Peter Pandemonium” refer to?

A) Adults who are over-anxious to get their grown children out of the house

B) Adolescents who leave home

C) Young adults who don’t want to grow up

D) Children who leave home and then return

TB_16_22_The Role of Caregiver_LO 16.4_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following best exemplifies a “boomerang kid”?

A) Jane, who is 21 and is living at home with her parents while she attends college

B) Richard, a father of 3 who returned home to live with his parents after his wife died so that his parents could help

raise his children

C) Joey, who is 35, never married, and returns home after losing a job, which occurs about every six months

D) Malesia, whose culture encourages extended family living together, even after they are married

TB_16_23_The Role of Caregiver_LO 16.4_APA LO 1.1

Approximately what percentage of women in their 50s are multigenerational caregivers?

A) 25%

B) 33%

C) 50%

D) 67%

TB_16_24_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

Approximately what percentage of women become grandmothers by their early 50s?

A) 10%

B) 20%

C) 50%

D) 75%

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TB_16_25_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

What percentage of grandparents expresses a high level of satisfaction with their role?

A) 50%

B) 75%

C) 85%

D) 92%

TB_16_26_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is one of the types of grandparent relationships mentioned in your text?

A) Removed relationships

B) Parental relationships

C) Companionate relationships

D) Isolated relationships

TB_16_27_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

The Fowler family lives in a duplex. Grandma Fowler lives in one half and Mr. and Mrs. Fowler and their children

live in the other half. Every day when the children get off of the school bus, grandma meets them and prepares their

afternoon snack. She helps them with their homework until their parents get home from work. What kind of

relationship does Grandma Fowler have with her grandchildren?

A) Companionate

B) Parental

C) Remote

D) Involved

TB_16_28_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

When grandparents seldom see their grandchildren, your text calls it a

A) revolving door relationship.

B) familial relationship.

C) generational betrayal.

D) remote relationship.

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TB_16_29_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

Chuck and Jeri live hundreds of miles from their children. They are retired and have busy lives of leisure. They

seldom visit their children and have never developed a close relationship with their grandchildren. Behavioral

scientists would say Chuck and Jeri have what type of relationships with their grandchildren?

A) Intimate

B) Remote

C) Estranged

D) Strained

TB_16_30_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

Pauline and Leo call their grandchildren every week and drive the 300 miles to visit several times a year. They even

text message their grandchildren on their cell phones occasionally, just for fun. Social scientists would say that

Pauline and Leo have what type of relationship with their grandchildren?

A) Companionate relationship

B) Remote relationship

C) Distant relationship

D) Cross-generational feed

TB_16_31_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following statements is true about companionate grandparents?

A) They provide discipline, frequent contact, and warm interactions with their grandchildren.

B) They have frequent contact and warm interactions with their grandchildren, but typically do not discipline them.

C) They have infrequent contact with their grandchildren and typically do not discipline them.

D) They have infrequent contact with their grandchildren but they provide discipline regularly when they see them.

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TB_16_32_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

According to research on grandparent-grandchildren relationships, what is the most common explanation for a

remote relationship between grandparents and their grandchildren?

A) Absence of emotional bonds or affectional ties

B) Disinterest on the part of either or both parties

C) Interference by parents

D) Physical distance

TB_16_33_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

Approximately what percentage of children in the United States lives with one or more of their grandparents?

A) 1%

B) 8%

C) 18%

D) 27%

TB_16_34_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

When is full-time grandparent care especially likely?

A) When the grandparents live in the same city as their grandchildren

B) When there are more than three grandchildren from one child

C) When the grandchild’s mother is unmarried

D) When the grandchild’s father is unmarried

TB_16_35_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is a role that is normally assumed in middle adulthood?

A) Employer

B) Grandparent

C) Parent

D) Spouse

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TB_16_36_Developmental Science at Home_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

What is stereotypically one of the most maligned relationships in U.S. culture?

A) The relationship between two mothers-in-law

B) The relationship between a woman and her own mother

C) The relationship between a son and his father-in-law

D) The relationship between a woman and her mother-in-law

TB_16_37_Developmental Science at Home_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is a recommended way to avoid conflict in the role of in-law?

A) Correct your son-in-law or daughter–in-law when they make a mistake.

B) Tell your adult children how they should raise your grandchildren.

C) Don’t give unsolicited advice or make announced visits.

D) When asked for your advice, do not share your experience.

TB_16_38_Grandparenting_LO 16.5_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following statements is most accurate about grandparenthood in the United States?

A) Most grandparents rarely see or talk to their grandchildren regularly, and few describe their relationships as

warm and loving.

B) Grandparents who see their grandchildren more often describe themselves as happier than those who see their

grandchildren less often.

C) The role of grandmother is narrower and less intimate than the role of grandfather.

D) In recent years, the incidence of custodial grandparenting has increased in all ethnic and socioeconomic groups.

TB_16_39_Friends_LO 16.6_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following best describes the nature of friendship in middle adulthood?

A) Adults have more friends in mid-life than at any other point in adulthood.

B) The social circle is smaller, but the friendships are as intimate and close as at earlier ages.

C) The need for a social network increases across mid-life.

D) The increased role strain and role conflict of middle adulthood require additional emotional support from friends

outside the family.

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TB_16_40_Friends_LO 16.6_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following best describes best-friend relationships in mid-life?

A) The level of intimacy increases as the frequency of interaction declines.

B) The frequency of interaction decreases but the level of intimacy remains stable.

C) The number of friendships stays the same but the level of intimacy declines.

D) Both the frequency and level of intimacy decline over time.

TB_16_41_Friends_LO 16.6_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following statements about friendships in middle adulthood is true?

A) Mid-life friendships are just as intimate and close as those in the earlier years.

B) The frequency of interaction among best friends tends to increase.

C) Middle-aged people maintain a relatively large social network.

D) Middle-aged mothers maintain more friendships than their young adult daughters.

TB_16_42_Continuity and Change in Personality_LO 16.7_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is one of the Big Five personality traits?

A) Agreeableness

B) Compulsion

C) Accommodation

D) Introversion

TB_16_43_Continuity and Change in Personality_LO 16.7_APA LO 1.1

Which of the Big Five traits are likely to decline as adults age?

A) Neuroticism, openness, agreeableness

B) Openness, extraversion, neuroticism

C) Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness

D) Conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism

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TB_16_44_Continuity and Change in Personality_LO 16.7_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following statements best summarizes the stability of personality over time?

A) For most people, personality changes greatly over time, especially during mid-life.

B) Personality is stable across all people in all cultures.

C) For most people, personality traits tend to be stable over time, but within some individuals there may be

relatively large changes.

TB_16_45_Continuity and Change in Personality_LO 16.7_APA LO 1.1

What is the term for the trait characterized by a willingness to try new things?

A) Openness

B) Conscientiousness

C) Extraversion

D) Agreeableness

TB_16_46_Continuity and Change in Personality_LO 16.7_APA LO 1.1

What is the term for the trait characterized by a need for order in the environment?

A) Extraversion

B) Openness

C) Agreeableness

D) Conscientiousness

TB_16_47_Continuity and Change in Personality_LO 16.7_APA LO 1.1

What is the term for the trait characterized by sociability?

A) Conscientiousness

B) Openness

C) Extraversion

D) Neuroticism

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TB_16_48_Continuity and Change in Personality_LO 16.7_APA LO 1.1

What is the term for the trait characterized by the ease with which a person gets along with others?

A) Openness

B) Neuroticism

C) Conscientiousness

D) Agreeableness

TB_16_49_Continuity and Change in Personality_LO 16.7_APA LO 1.1

What is the term for the trait characterized by emotional negativity, pessimism, and irritability?

A) Neuroticism

B) Extraversion

C) Conscientiousness

D) Openness

TB_16_50_Continuity and Change in Personality_LO 16.7_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is most likely to deal effectively with on-the-job stress?

A) Mabel, who is high in extraversion and conscientiousness

B) Jackson, who is high in agreeableness and neuroticism

C) Melva, who is low in openness and extraversion

D) Johnathan, who is low in conscientiousness and extraversion

TB_16_51_Work Satisfaction_LO 16.8_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following is the best predictor of burnout in the workplace?

A) Working lots of overtime

B) Feeling as if one’s work is not appreciated

C) Having a poor relationship with one’s boss

D) Poor familial support

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TB_16_52_Work Satisfaction_LO 16.8_APA LO 1.1

Which of the following would be a typical response for a middle-aged man who is dissatisfied with his job?

A) Quit and find a new job

B) Complain to his friends about it and do nothing

C) Negotiate with his boss to try to change the working situation to better fit his needs

D) Resign himself to the fact that he has to change and adjust to the dissatisfaction

TB_16_53_Work Satisfaction_LO 16.8_APA LO 1.1

The statement “I don’t like my boss but the hours fit with the children’s school schedule” is more likely to be made

by whom?

A) A middle-aged woman

B) A middle-aged man

C) A young adult woman

D) A young adult man

TB_16_54_Job Performance_LO 16.9_APA LO 1.1

What is selective optimization with compensation?

A) The job interview process

B) The process of downsizing in a corporation and its effects on middle-aged workers

C) Focusing on central tasks, maintaining abilities, and overcoming obstacles

D) Choosing a new job based on whether or not it allows for advancement and increased future income potential

TB_16_55_Job Performance_LO 16.9_APA LO 1.1

What is the term Baltes & Baltes use to designate the ways workers narrow their job tasks to only the most

important ones and delegate the rest to others?

A) Management

B) Selection

C) Oversight

D) Compensation