428
TB_15_57_Alcholism_LO 15.9_APA LO 1.3
What is the most frequently abused substance in the U.S.?
A) Nicotine
B) Alcohol
C) Tobacco
D) Cocaine
TB_15_58_Alcholism_LO 15.9_APA LO 1.3
What is the name of the drug that can help recovering alcoholics deal with withdrawal symptoms?
A) Antabuse
B) Methyltrexate
C) Acamprosate
D) Acetaminophen
TB_15_59_Alcholism_LO 15.9_APA LO 1.3
How do the death rates of men with alcoholism in their 50s and early 60s compare with nonalcoholics?
A) Alcoholics are 2–3 times more likely to die in mid-life.
B) Alcoholics are 5–6 times more likely to die in mid-life.
C) Alcoholics are 10 times more likely to die in mid-life.
D) Alcoholics are more likely to die in later adulthood.
429
TB_15_60_Models of Physical and Cognitive Aging_LO 15.10_APA LO 1.2
Which the following is most consistent with Denney’s view of age-related change in physical and cognitive
functioning?
A) Physical exercise will facilitate maintenance of physical abilities through adulthood, but no equivalent
improvement can be made in cognitive functioning.
B) There is an underlying decay curve, so that with increased age there will eventually be a point at which even
maximum exercise will not help an individual maintain his lifetime’s peak functioning in either physical or
cognitive abilities.
C) If a skill is unexercised for any length of time, or becomes “rusty,” exercise will not cause any improvement.
D) Early adulthood is the time of peak function in physical and cognitive abilities.
TB_15_61_Models of Physical and Cognitive Aging_LO 15.10_APA LO 1.2
According to Denney’s model, the maximum level of cognitive and physical function an individual can achieve with
exercise
A) steadily decreases after middle adulthood.
B) steadily increases as the individual ages.
C) is determined by social class, gender, and ethnicity.
D) stabilizes at about age 40.
TB_15_62_Models of Physical and Cognitive Aging_LO 15.10_APA LO 1.2
What is the term used by Baltes and Baltes to refer to the process of balancing the gains and losses associated with
aging?
A) Senescence
B) Selective remembering with mnemonic compensation
C) Selective optimization with compensation
D) Judicial optimization of resources
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TB_15_63_Models of Physical and Cognitive Aging_LO 15.10_APA LO 1.2
Rodney wears reading glasses, uses an ergonomically designed chair when he works at the computer, and exercises
regularly to offset the effects of aging. He is also taking two courses at the local community college just for the sake
of learning. What principle is at work here?
A) Denial of primary aging
B) Optimization of secondary aging compensation
C) Optimization without compensation
TB_15_64_Health and Cognitive Functioning_LO 15.11_APA LO 1.2
Of the following, which individual might be expected to experience earlier or larger intellectual declines?
A) Mr. Jones, age 70, who has taken medication for high blood pressure for 20 years
B) Mrs. Green, age 65, who has recently been diagnosed with breast cancer
C) Ms. Anderson, age 50, who is in the postmenopausal phase
D) Mr. Brown, age 50, who has been warned by his physician to lose 25 pounds
TB_15_65_Health and Cognitive Functioning_LO 15.11_APA LO 1.2
Overall physical health and cognitive performance in middle adulthood are most closely linked to
A) family history and genetic predisposition.
B) low-fat, high-fiber diet.
C) optimistic attitude.
D) physical exercise.
TB_15_66_Health and Cognitive Functioning_LO 15.11_APA LO 1.2
How does physical exercise help maintain cognitive abilities in middle age?
A) Because the brain is a muscle—use it or lose it
B) By decreasing low-density lipoproteins (“bad” cholesterol)
C) By maintaining cardiovascular fitness
D) By increasing optimism and life satisfaction
431
TB_15_67_Health and Cognitive Functioning_LO 15.11_APA LO 1.2
A researcher who is testing the cognitive functioning of middle-aged adults would find which of the following to be
true of her subjects regarding well-rehearsed, familiar tasks?
A) They would have difficulty performing them
B) They will show gradual decrements
C) They perceive impaired performance
D) They maintain or gain in skill
TB_15_68_Changes in Memory and Cognition_LO 15.12_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following best explains the typical pattern of cognitive functioning in middle adulthood?
A) Most individuals demonstrate decrements in verbal skills such as vocabulary, and tasks such as working a
crossword puzzle or giving instructions become difficult.
B) Most individuals begin to experience decrements in problem-solving abilities, and tasks such as adjusting
ingredients in a recipe or learning new computer software become difficult.
C) Individuals may maintain or even gain in skill on tasks that are highly practiced or based on specific learning,
such as playing a card game.
D) Mental processes steadily and significantly decline across middle adulthood, and most individuals perceive an
accelerated loss of mental acuity.
TB_15_69_Changes in Memory and Cognition_LO 15.12_APA LO 1.2
Grayson told her mother everything that happened at her school dance last night. Grayson was relying on which type
of memory?
A) Procedural
B) Episodic
C) Implicit
D) Semantic
432
TB_15_70_Changes in Memory and Cognition_LO 15.12_APA LO 1.2
How does aging affect memory?
A) Memory ability declines with age, and by middle adulthood significant decline has occurred.
B) By age 45, an individual would have more difficulty retrieving a semantic memory than an episodic memory.
C) With advancing age, individuals tend to remember fewer specific details of a story and more of the theme or
meaning of the story.
D) With advancing age, auditory memory declines rapidly, but visual memory is stable or improves.
TB_15_71_Creativity_LO 15.13_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following best defines the term creativity?
A) The ability to produce original, appropriate, and valuable ideas and/or solutions to problems
B) The ability to draw, sign, dance, or paint
C) The ability to compensate for one’s shortcomings
D) The ability to build and produce new forms of learning
TB_15_72_Creativity_LO 15.13_APA LO 1.2
Jose and Isabella want to repaint their entire house and renovate some of the rooms as well. They look at many paint
samples, magazine pictures, and try out several different arrangements of furniture. This process represents what
type of thinking?
A) Symbolic
B) Postformal
C) Dialectic
D) Divergent
TB_15_73_Creativity_LO 15.13_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following is one of the four stages of “mulling over” proposed by Daniel Goleman?
A) Inscription
B) Preparation
C) Reparation
D) Restitution
433
TB_15_74_Developmental Science in the Workplace_LO 15.13_APA LO 1.2
According to data collected from interviews of successful and creative older adults, what was one of the consistent
themes reported to enhance creativity?
A) Recognizing one’s own limitations and compensating for them
B) Recognizing the value of accumulated knowledge and experience
C) Realizing that the creative process must start early in life if it is to be successful
D) Recognizing that creativity is a gift of youth
434
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
TB_15_75_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 15.1_APA LO 1.1
Young drivers exhibit ________ lapses in attention and driving errors than middle-aged drivers.
TB_15_76_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Fifty-year-old Evan has started experienced difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection. These changes might
indicate that Evan is experiencing ________.
TB_15_77_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
The last phase of menopause is called the ________ phase.
TB_15_78_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Bernice is 45. At least once a week, she wakes up in the middle of the night wringing wet with sweat. She is having
________, a form of ________.
TB_15_79_The Skeletal System_LO 15.3_APA LO 1.3
The loss of bone mass is called ________ and begins at around age ________.
435
TB_15_80_Vision and Hearing_LO 15.4_APA LO 1.3
Paul’s family is getting tired of having to repeat everything they say to him because he has difficulty hearing. He
goes to an audiologist and finds that he has ________, so the audiologist recommends a hearing aid.
TB_15_81_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
________ disease is the most common cause of death for adults in the U.S.
TB_15_82_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
The personality characteristic that seems to be the biggest contributor to cardiovascular disease is ________.
TB_15_83_Cancer_LO 15.6_APA LO 1.3
High ________ diets seem to increase the risk of some forms of cancer, while high ________ diets seem to decrease
the risk of other forms of cancer.
TB_15_84_Cancer_LO 15.6_APA LO 1.3
Among middle-aged women, death from ________ is considerably more likely than death from heart disease.
436
TB_15_85_Gender and Health_LO 15.7_APA LO 1.3
________ live longer but they have more diseases and disabilities.
TB_15_86_Models of Physical and Cognitive Aging_LO 15.10_APA LO 1.2
According to Denney’s model, the maximum level of cognitive and physical function an individual can achieve with
exercise steadily ________ as the individual ages.
TB_15_87_Health and Cognitive Functioning_LO 15.11_APA LO 1.2
Overall physical health and cognitive performance in middle adulthood are most closely linked to ________.
TB_15_88_Changes in Memory and Cognition_LO 15.12_APA LO 1.2
________ memory involves recollection of specific events; ________ memory involves the recollection of general
knowledge and facts.
TB_15_89_Creativity_LO 15.13_APA LO 1.2
Guilford describes creativity as a type of thought process called ________ thinking.
437
Short Answer Questions
TB_15_90_Physical Changes_LO 15.1_APA LO 1.1
The effects of primary aging typically become apparent after age ____.
TB_15_91_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 15.1_APA LO 1.1
Why do we understand relatively little about the normal, undamaged brains of middle-aged adults?
TB_15_92_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
What lifestyle changes can a man make to restore sexual function?
TB_15_93_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
List the three phases of menopause in order. Identify what happens to hormone levels in each phase.
TB_15_94_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
What is the likelihood that a woman will develop clinically diagnosable depression after menopause? Explain why.
438
TB_15_95_The Skeletal System_LO 15.3_APA LO 1.3
Which race is at the highest risk for osteoporosis? Identify at least two other factors that increase the risk of
osteoporosis.
TB_15_96_Vision and Hearing_LO 15.4_APA LO 1.3
What is the most common cause of vision changes in middle adulthood? What is the name of this condition?
TB_15_97_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
What do the most recent studies show regarding the negative emotions that increase the risk for CVD?
TB_15_98_Socioeconomic Class, Ethnicity, and Health_LO 15.8_APA LO 1.3
What is happening to the rates of diabetes in the U.S.? How is this distributed among ethnic groups?
TB_15_99_Alcoholism_LO 15.9_APA LO 1.3
What are the diseases most commonly associated with alcohol abuse?
439
TB_15_100_Health and Cognitive Functioning_LO 15.11_APA LO 1.2
What did the Seattle Longitudinal Study on cognitive function show?
TB_15_101_Health and Cognitive Functioning _LO 15.11_APA LO 1.2
Explain the correlation between exercise and mortality rates in middle-adulthood.
TB_15_102_Changes in Memory and Cognition_LO 15.12_APA LO 1.2
How are visual and auditory memories affected in middle age?
TB_15_103_Changes in Memory and Cognition_LO 15.12_APA LO 1.2
In what type of tasks do middle-aged adults outperform younger adults?
TB_15_104_Creativity_LO 15.13_APA LO 1.2
What are Goleman’s four stages of mulling over creative solutions?
440
Essay Questions
TB_15_105_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 15.1_APA LO 1.1
Regarding physical changes in the brain and cognitive functioning: how do middle-aged adults compare to young
adults? What are some factors that contribute to differences and/or similarities?
TB_15_106_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
What changes is a man likely to notice during the climacteric? What can he do about these changes?
TB_15_107_No Easy Answers_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Summarize the pros and cons of hormone therapy during and after menopause. Include in your answer the
effectiveness of HT and how the risks of HT can be reduced.
TB_15_108_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease? What are the risk factors for cancer?
441
TB_15_109_Socioeconomic Class, Ethnicity, and Health_LO 15.8_APA LO 1.3
In terms of socioeconomic class and ethnicity, what are the greatest predictors of health in middle age?
TB_15_110_Research Report_LO 15.8_APA LO 1.3
What are the diagnostic criteria for internet addictive disorder? In your opinion, is IAD a legitimate disorder, or do
you agree with what the text says?
TB_15_111_Models of Physical and Cognitive Aging_LO 15.10_APA LO 1.2
Briefly describe the concept of selective optimization with compensation. Give an example of this process.
TB_15_112_Changes in Memory and Cognition_LO 15.12_APA LO 1.2
How does the concept of “use it or lose it” apply to cognitive function?
442