413
TEST BANK
CHAPTER 15: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_15_01_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 15.1_APA LO 1.1
Why do we know so little about normal middle-aged brains?
A) Research has mostly focused more on children’s brain functions.
B) Most research has focused on changes associated with trauma and disease.
C) Research has generally been focused on the brain functions of the elderly.
D) Research has always been limited by the availability of research subjects who, in this case, are in their peak
working years.
TB_15_02_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 15.1_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is a reason why it takes middle-aged adults longer to perform cognitive tasks than younger
adults?
A) It is more difficult for the middle-aged brain to activate large areas of the cortex.
B) A larger area of brain tissue is activated, so it takes longer to process information.
C) Because of decreased blood supply to the brain resulting from the build-up of plaque.
D) Because the middle-aged brain does not react to perceptual stimuli as fast as the young adult brain.
TB_15_03_The Brain and Nervous System_LO 15.1_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is true of cognitive functioning and automobile accidents?
A) Middle-aged adults are more likely to get into an accident because of lapses in cognition and slower reaction
times.
B) There isn’t a statistically significant difference between the accident rates of middle-aged adults and younger
adults.
C) Young adults are more likely to get into an accident because of larger synaptic gaps.
D) Young adults are more likely to get into an accident because of lapses of judgment and a higher likelihood of
drinking alcohol.
414
TB_15_04_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Fifty-year-old Evan has begun to experience difficulty achieving and maintaining an erection. These changes might
indicate that Evan is experiencing which of the following?
A) Menopause
B) The climacteric
C) Osteoporosis
D) Heart disease
TB_15_05_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
What is sildenafil?
A) A bacterial infection associated with prostate cancer
B) A medication used to treat erectile dysfunction
C) The seminal fluid that contains viable sperm
D) A natural supplement used to minimize hot flashes
TB_15_06_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is associated with the male climacteric?
A) Enlargement of the testes
B) Increased volume of seminal fluid
C) Increased difficulty attaining and maintaining an erection
D) Increased production of testosterone
TB_15_07_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is likely to contribute to a male’s problems with sexual functioning?
A) An increase in testosterone levels
B) Use of blood pressure medication
C) Smoking cessation
D) A high-fiber diet
415
TB_15_08_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Which hormone rises during the second half of the menstrual cycle and stimulates the sloughing off of accumulated
material in the uterus each month if conception has not occurred?
A) Progesterone
B) Estrogen
C) Testosterone
D) Serotonin
TB_15_09_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
What is the average age for the onset of menopause in the United States?
A) 40
B) 45
C) 50
D) 60
TB_15_10_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Gilda is 35 years old. Her estrogen levels have decreased, her menstrual periods have become very irregular, and she
experiences periods of extreme sweating. What’s happening with Gilda?
A) She is in the premenopausal phase of menopause.
B) She is in the postmenopausal phase of menopause.
C) She is in the perimenopausal phase of menopause.
D) Gilda is too young to be experiencing menopause so she should see her doctor.
TB_15_11_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
During which phase of menopause do both types of estrogen drop, progesterone levels drop, and ovulation ceases?
A) Postmenopausal
B) Perimenopausal
C) Premenopausal
D) Postovulatory
416
TB_15_12_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Alleena has noticed that she is becoming forgetful, sometimes gets words mixed up, and her emotions seem to be
“making her crazy.” She is also very fatigued. What is the likely cause of this?
A) Alleena has just started going through menopause.
B) These symptoms are usually associated with the cessation of ovulation.
C) The hot flashes and hormonal changes of perimenopause are probably disturbing her sleep, so she is sleep-
deprived.
D) Alleena’s menstrual flow has stopped and she is probably concerned about being pregnant.
TB_15_13_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a physical effect that is attributed to the reduction in estrogen during the phases of
menopause?
A) The breasts become more firm.
B) Multiple ova are produced during the menstrual cycles.
C) The vagina becomes longer and wider in diameter.
D) The walls of the vagina are less elastic.
TB_15_14_No Easy Answers_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following statements best summarizes the current research on hormone therapy (HT) for menopause?
A) The use of HT causes more risks than benefits, so most physicians are recommending it not be used at all.
B) HT has been in use since the early 20th century and has proven to be safe and reliable.
C) Natural supplements should be used whenever possible in place of synthetic forms of HT.
D) The use of HT should be approached cautiously and should be symptom-specific.
TB_15_15_No Easy Answers_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
According to the most current research, which of the following is a benefit of hormone replacement therapy?
A) Fewer hot flashes
B) Reduced sex drive
C) Reduced bone loss from osteoporosis
D) Reduced risk of coronary heart disease
417
TB_15_16_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
According to several studies, the psychological effects of menopause should not be linked with
A) life stressors.
B) a personality predisposed to negativity.
C) an increased likelihood of major depression.
D) level of uncomfortable physical symptoms.
TB_15_17_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Bernice is 45. At least once a week, she wakes up in the middle of the night wringing wet with sweat. She is having
________, a form of ________.
A) night sweats; hot flashes
B) climacteric; menopause
C) hot flashes; climacteric
D) night sweats; anovulation
TB_15_18_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a factor that is likely to lead to clinical depression during and after menopause?
A) The number of life stressors present both before and during menopause
B) Whether or not a woman had regular menstrual cycles before menopause
C) Absence of depression before menopause
D) Fewer physical symptoms of menopause
418
TB_15_19_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following groups has a more positive view of aging and a less negative view of menopause?
A) Chinese American women
B) White women
C) African American women
D) Japanese American women
TB_15_20_The Reproductive System_LO 15.2_APA LO 1.3
What is the most likely explanation for the decline in sexual activity associated with mid-life?
A) The demands and pressures of everyday living
B) The drop in testosterone levels in both men and women
C) The psychological effects of the climacteric
D) Fluctuating hormone levels associated with menopause
TB_15_21_The Skeletal System_LO 15.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a condition of primary aging characterized by loss of bone mass and brittle, porous bones?
A) Osteoporosis
B) Perthes’ disease
C) Hypothyroidism
D) Rickets
TB_15_22_The Skeletal System_LO 15.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is correct regarding osteoporosis?
A) Osteoporosis in women is accelerated by menopause.
B) Men are unaffected by osteoporosis.
C) Women cannot reduce risk of osteoporosis by getting sufficient calcium during early adulthood.
D) Osteoporosis is not associated with a significantly increased risk of fractures.
419
TB_15_23_The Skeletal System_LO 15.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following factors is linked most directly to osteoporosis in women?
A) Diet in young adulthood
B) Estrogen and progesterone levels
C) Age at menopause
D) Occupational history
TB_15_24_The Skeletal System_LO 15.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following are most helpful in preventing osteoporosis?
A) Sufficient calcium intake and exercise
B) Hormone replacement and mental health maintenance
C) Management of stress levels and exercise
D) Social support and diet
TB_15_25_The Skeletal System_LO 15.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a risk factor associated with osteoporosis?
A) Being male
B) Obesity
C) Early menopause
D) Being an athlete
TB_15_26_The Skeletal System_LO 15.3_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a dietary factor that contributes to the risk of osteoporosis?
A) Excessive calcium intake in adolescence and young adulthood
B) Excessive meat consumption
C) Excessive sugar consumption
D) Excessive caffeine consumption
420
TB_15_27_Vision and Hearing_LO 15.4_APA LO 1.3
Adella has never had anything but perfect vision, but shortly after her 40th birthday, she noticed it was getting more
and more difficult to read the morning newspaper—as if her arms were not long enough to hold the paper far enough
away to get it in focus. If Adella visits her ophthalmologist, she will likely be diagnosed with which of the
following?
A) Glaucoma
B) Stereopsis
C) Presbyopia
D) Presbycusis
TB_15_28_Vision and Hearing_LO 15.4_APA LO 1.3
What is the condition that results when the lens of the eye thickens and becomes less elastic?
A) Glaucoma
B) Osteoma
C) Myopia
D) Presbyopia
TB_15_29_Vision and Hearing_LO 15.4_APA LO 1.3
What is the condition that results from degeneration of the auditory nerves and inner ear structures, so that an
individual loses the ability to hear sounds of high and very low frequencies?
A) Tinnitis
B) Auricularis
C) Presbycusis
D) Auditory neuropathy
TB_15_30_Vision and Hearing_LO 15.4_APA LO 1.3
Mason is 55 and has come to believe that his phone is not working properly, because whenever his elderly mother
calls, he has trouble hearing her voice. Mason should be examined for
A) auricularis.
B) neuropathy.
C) presbyopia.
D) presbycusis.
421
TB_15_31_Vision and Hearing_LO 15.4_APA LO 1.3
Degeneration associated with presbycusis accelerates after what age?
A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50
TB_15_32_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
Statistically, which of the following groups has the shortest life expectancy in the United States?
A) White men
B) African American men
C) White women
D) African American women
TB_15_33_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
What is the most common mechanism that causes heart disease?
A) Decreasing oxygen supply to the heart due to the build-up of plaque on artery walls
B) Decreasing oxygen supply to the heart due to the rupture of an artery
C) Increasing pressure on the heart because of untreated high blood pressure
D) Shock to the heart caused by high levels of cortisol
TB_15_34_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
What term is used for deposits of plaque in the arteries that cause them to narrow or become blocked?
A) Venosclerosis
B) Osteoarthritis
C) Atherosclerosis
D) Diabetes
422
TB_15_35_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
What is the leading cause of death among adults in the United States?
A) Obesity-related illness
B) Strokes
C) Cardiovascular disease
D) Diabetes-related complications
TB_15_36_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a significant risk factor for heart disease?
A) Below-normal weight
B) Low levels of low-density lipoproteins
C) First-degree relatives with cardiovascular disease
D) Mild consumption of wine
TB_15_37_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is accurate concerning the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
A) The primary risk factors are not well known.
B) Risk factors such as high cholesterol or smoking do not constitute an increased risk when both are present.
C) The more high-risk behaviors or characteristics a person has, the higher the person’s risk of heart disease.
D) Widespread publicity about the dangers of smoking and high cholesterol has had little effect on the rate of
cardiovascular disease risks for most Americans.
423
TB_15_38_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
Lorn is not particularly worried about setting the world on fire. He takes his time and is fairly laid back in most
cases. He’s not the least bit competitive and seems to just take things as they come. Lorn would be considered to be
a
A) borderline personality.
B) Type B personality.
C) characteristic personality.
D) Type A personality.
TB_15_39_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following represents the best example of the Type A personality characteristic that is most strongly
linked to cardiovascular disease?
A) Beth is motivated by her desire to be the team leader in her division, but her co-workers dislike her aggressive
strategies.
B) Bill’s responsibilities dictate his urgent, fast-paced life, and he constantly checks his watch to make sure that he
is on time and on schedule.
C) When Jack loses a business deal, he takes his anger and hostility out on other drivers during his evening
commute.
D) JoAnn is unable to retain a secretary because she is constantly instructing them on how to use their time and
energy more efficiently.
TB_15_40_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following includes personality traits such as a competitive drive, a sense of time urgency, and
sometimes aggressiveness or hostility?
A) Borderline personality disorder
B) Type B personality
C) Type A personality
D) Characteristic personality
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TB_15_41_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
Which characteristic of Type A personality is most closely linked to CVD?
A) Time urgency
B) Competitiveness
C) Ambitiousness
D) Hostility
TB_15_42_Cardiovascular Disease_LO 15.5_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a risk factor for both heart disease and cancer?
A) High blood pressure
B) High cholesterol
C) Moderate alcohol use
D) Smoking
TB_15_43_Cancer_LO 15.6_APA LO 1.3
How does being overweight affect one’s risk of cancer?
A) It substantially increases the risk for lung cancer, but not other types of cancer.
B) It is a significant risk factor in many types of cancer.
C) It is only a risk factor for cancer if it is associated with genetic risk.
D) It is not a risk factor for cancer.
TB_15_44_Cancer_LO 15.6_APA LO 1.3
_______ is a factor commonly associated with an increased risk of several types of cancer.
A) Blood pressure
B) Cholesterol
C) Exercise
D) Weight
425
TB_15_45_Cancer_LO 15.6_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is the second leading cause of death of adults over age 45 in the United States?
A) Heart disease
B) Cancer
C) Diabetes-related complications
D) Obesity
TB_15_45_Cancer_LO 15.6_APA LO 1.3
Hepatitis B virus is closely linked to which of the following?
A) Colon cancer
B) Kidney cancer
C) Stomach ulcers
D) Liver cancer
TB_15_47_Cancer_LO 15.6_APA LO 1.3
Angela is very conscious of cancer risk factors so she tries to take care of herself and minimize as many of the
controllable risks as possible. She is vaccinated against hepatitis, she practices safe sex, and when she travels to
strange places, she drinks bottled water to decrease her chances of developing a bacterial infection that has been
linked to some cancers. What is the name of this bacteria?
A) Streptococcus
B) Staphylococcus
C) Helicobacter pylori
D) MRSA
TB_15_48_Cancer_LO 15.6_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following viruses is linked to cancers of the nose and throat?
A) Epstein-Barr
B) Heliobacter
C) HPV
D) HIV
426
TB_15_49_Gender and Health_LO 15.7_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the relationship between gender and health?
A) In general, men complain about their health more than women do.
B) Women tend to live longer but they also have more diseases and disabilities.
C) Men die younger and tend to have more diseases and disabilities.
D) Men are more likely to describe their health as poor than are women.
TB_15_50_Gender and Health_LO 15.7_APA LO 1.3
Why do women fare better after a heart attack than men?
A) Men’s hearts are larger and therefore suffer more damage from a heart attack.
B) Women are more likely to have other chronic diseases, so this removes the risk of a fatal heart attack.
C) Men are more likely to smoke than women.
D) Women’s heart muscle seems to be better able to adapt to stressors and physical exertion.
TB_15_51_Socioeconomic Class, Ethnicity, and Health_LO 15.8_APA LO 1.3
In middle adulthood, which of the following correlate with socioeconomic class and are predictive of health?
A) Overall health and income level
B) Educational level and ethnicity
C) Occupational level and education
D) Ethnicity and social networks
TB_15_52_Socioeconomic Class, Ethnicity, and Health_LO 15.8_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following groups are most likely to die of heart disease?
A) White Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican Americans
B) African Americans, Native Americans, and Mexican Americans
C) African Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans
D) African Americans, Japanese Americans, and Mexican Americans
427
TB_15_53_Socioeconomic Class, Ethnicity, and Health_LO 15.8_APA LO 1.3
Among minority women, what is the major risk factor for CVD?
A) High blood pressure
B) Poor nutrition
C) Stress
D) Obesity
TB_15_54_Socioeconomic Class, Ethnicity, and Health_LO 15.8_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is a common complication of diabetes?
A) Brain tumors
B) HIV
C) High blood pressure
D) Blindness
TB_15_55_Socioeconomic Class, Ethnicity, and Health_LO 15.8_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following is one of the hypotheses as to why diabetes has a more devastating effect on minority
individuals than on whites?
A) They are likely to contract the disease earlier in life so it has a longer time to adversely affect the body.
B) They are likely to be in poorer health overall.
C) They are more likely to contract juvenile diabetes and then develop adult onset diabetes later.
D) They are less likely to adequately manage their diabetes.
TB_15_56_Socioeconomic Class, Ethnicity, and Health_LO 15.8_APA LO 1.3
Which of the following statements is accurate?
A) African Americans have the highest rates of prostate, colon, and lung cancer.
B) Native Americans have lower rates of kidney cancer than other groups.
C) Asian Americans have the lowest rates of liver cancer.
D) White Americans have the highest rates of breast cancer.