384
TEST BANK
CHAPTER 14: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
IN EARLY ADULTHOOD
Multiple Choice Questions
TB_14_01_Erikson’s Stage of Intimacy versus Isolation_LO 14.1_APA LO 1.2
According to Erikson, what is the central crisis of early adulthood?
A) Autonomy versus dependence
B) Identity versus role confusion
C) Intimacy versus isolation
D) Generativity versus stagnation
TB_14_02_Erikson’s Stage of Intimacy versus Isolation_LO 14.1_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following terms describes the capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without
losing one’s own sense of self?
A) Attachment
B) Identity infusion
C) Intimacy
D) Generativity
TB_14_03_Levinson’s Life Structures_LO 14.2_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following terms was used by Levinson to refer to the underlying pattern of an individual’s life at a
given time, including balances and conflicts among roles, relationships, and behavior patterns?
A) Cognitive structure
B) Life era
C) Evolutionary plan
D) Life structure
385
TB_14_04_Levinson’s Life Structures_LO 14.2_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following prompts the creation of a new life structure, according to Levinson’s theory of adult
development?
A) Marrying
B) Buying a new house
C) Selling a new house
D) Working at a part-time job
TB_14_05_Levinson’s Life Structures_LO 14.2_APA LO 1.2
Jeri’s only child has married, signaling a change in Jeri’s life structure. It will take Jeri a while to adjust to her new
“empty nest.” According to Levinson, which of the following terms applies to this adjustment period?
A) Transitional phase
B) Culmination phase
C) Novice phase
D) Late-era phase
TB_14_06_Levinson’s Life Structures_LO 14.2_APA LO 1.2
Jack has settled into his new life as a retiree. He has friends and activities and feels a happy sense of stability in his
new life. According to Levinson, in which phase is Jack?
A) Post-transition era
B) Period of stabilization
C) Mid-era phase
D) Culmination phase
TB_14_07_Emerging Adulthood_LO 14.3_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following terms does Jeffrey Arnett use to refer to the developmental period between 17 and 22 years
of age?
A) Emerging adulthood
B) Transition-to-adulthood
C) Post-adolescence
D) Postformal adulthood
386
TB_14_08_Emerging Adulthood_LO 14.3_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following best describes neurological support for Arnett’s theory?
A) Neuroimaging studies have shown that the areas of the brain that control impulsiveness, decision making, and
self-regulation do not mature until the early to mid-thirties.
B) Neuroimaging studies have shown that the areas of the brain that control sleep, wakefulness, and logic do not
mature until the early to mid-twenties.
C) Neuroimaging studies have shown that the areas of the brain that control impulsiveness, decision making, and
self-regulation do not mature until the early to mid-twenties.
D) Behavioral studies have shown that individuals in their late teens and early twenties are unable to control
impulsiveness, decision making, and self-regulation.
TB_14_09_Intimate Relationships_LO 14.4_APA LO 1.2
What do statistics say about the household composition of families in the United States?
A) Coupled households are disproportionately headed by men.
B) Coupled households are still more common among adults than those headed by singles.
C) Single heads of households are becoming less common.
D) The majority of households are made up of single persons living alone.
TB_14_10_Theories of Mate Selection_LO 14.4_APA LO 1.2
What component of evolutionary theory suggests that women and men have different mate selection priorities
because they have unequal roles and responsibilities in producing and caring for children?
A) Assortive mating
B) Filter theory
C) Heterogeneity
D) Parental investment theory
387
TB_14_11_Theories of Mate Selection_LO 14.4_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following is an element of evolutionary theories of mate selection?
A) Men prefer mates who are older and physically attractive.
B) Minimum parental investment is higher for women than men.
C) Both women and men are likely to select mates who are opposite to themselves in key characteristics such as
ethnicity, religion, and age.
D) Women and men both choose mates slowly.
TB_14_12_Theories of Mate Selection_LO 14.4_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following theories ascribes to the view that sex differences in relationships are adaptations to gender
roles that result from external realities such as interactions with others?
A) Evolutionary role theory
B) Homogamy theory
C) Gender selection theory
D) Social role theory
TB_14_13_Theories of Mate Selection_LO 14.4_APA LO 1.2
John is looking for a wife. He wants a partner who has a similar background in matters like education and religious
upbringing. Which of the following mate selection strategies is John using?
A) Trait sorting
B) Heterogeneity
C) Homogamy
D) Exchange theory
TB_14_14_Marriage_LO 14.4_APA LO 1.2
Which of the following best summarizes the distorted perception of marriage in the United States?
A) The idea that same-sex marriages are on the rise and that the institution of marriage is being threatened.
B) The idea that the institution of marriage is being threatened and that the divorce rate for all marriages is
approximately 50%.
C) The idea that the rate of divorce in the United States has risen sharply over the past five decades and that soon the
traditional concept of marriage will no longer exist.
D) The idea that 50% of marriages in the U.S. end in divorce and that same-sex marriages last longer than
heterosexual marriages.
388
TB_14_15_No Easy Answers_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
How much does the average formal wedding cost in the United States?
A) $14,000
B) $26,000
C) $32,000
D) $40,000
TB_14_16_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following personality characteristics is identified by your text as a major contributor to dissatisfaction
and instability in a marriage relationship?
A) Depression
B) External locus of control
C) A high degree of neuroticism
D) A low degree of self-confidence
TB_14_17_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is related to higher levels of marriage satisfaction and stability?
A) Insecure attachment to his or her family of origin
B) High degrees of neuroticism
C) How a couple manages conflict
D) Different religious beliefs
389
TB_14_18_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements is true regarding research into attachment and marriage?
A) Parental attachment is unrelated to marital success.
B) About 2/3 of engaged couples described attachment relationships with their parent(s) to be similar to the
attachment relationship with the prospective spouse.
C) Partners who were securely attached to a parent fail to be able to let go of their family of origin attachments in
favor of the new marital relationship.
D) Young married couples argue more about in-laws than they argue about money.
TB_14_19_Research Report_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
When marital relationships have negative effects on physical health, what is the physiological mechanism at work?
A) Increased blood pressure
B) Increased VO2 max
C) Production of the neurotransmitter serotonin
D) Production of the stress-related hormone cortisol
TB_14_20_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following ethnic groups is most likely to place a proportionately higher emphasis on the importance of
children as a contributor to a successful marriage?
A) Hispanic
B) Black
C) White
D) Asian
TB_14_21_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is an aspect of love, according to Sternberg?
A) Lust
B) Habituation
C) Infatuation
D) Novelty
390
391
TB_14_22_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Arlis and Anthony are committed to each other and even treat each other with respect when they argue. They listen
to one another and keep working until they find a solution. Which of the following terms would Gottman use to
describe them as a couple?
A) Volatile
B) Avoidant
C) Agreeing
D) Validating
TB_14_23_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of these is the best example of a validating marriage, as identified by psychologists?
A) When Muhammed and Shaniqua disagree, one will immediately yield his or her point of view and agree with the
other person in order to avoid a conflict.
B) Deion and Kwame agree that their marriage is a battleground and that they often argue over issues that have been
unresolved for years.
C) Laura and Lars squabble all the time, probably because they don’t listen to each other’s arguments, but they still
have an affectionate and loving relationship.
D) When Jack and Jill argue, they respect and listen to each other’s point of view, and consequently their
disagreements rarely escalate.
TB_14_24_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Quang and Nguyen are a married couple. They argue frequently and neither of them listens very well. Still, most of
the time they get along well and neither has any thoughts of getting divorced. What term would John Gottman use to
describe Quang and Nguyen?
A) Volatile couple
B) Disengaged couple
C) Validating couple
D) Fatuous couple
392
TB_14_25_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Chuck and Jeri argue quite a bit. They don’t seem to like each other—they rarely even look at one another. They
seem to lack any sort of affectionate, supportive relationship. How would researchers classify this couple?
A) Hostile/detached
B) Hostile/engaged
C) Volatile
D) Hostile/avoidant
TB_14_26_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is one of the most crucial issues in the interactions that affect the success of a marriage?
A) Whether the use of power is overt or covert
B) The relative proportion of negative and positive everyday encounters
C) The sexual compatibility of the couple
D) Whether disagreements are resolved or ignored
TB_14_27_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
What have researchers concluded about the relationship between marital interactions and marital happiness?
A) Happy marriages never have conflicts or disagreements.
B) Couples become unhappy when their interactions with each other are primarily negative.
C) Love is the most important stabilizing factor in a marital relationship.
D) If a marriage is to be happy, the ratio of “nice” to “nasty” interactions must remain at 50:50.
TB_14_28_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Lani and Paul have been married for eight years. They describe their marriage as intimate, passionate, and
committed. How would Sternberg most likely describe this love relationship?
A) Companionate
B) Consummate
C) Fatuous
D) Stable
393
TB_14_29_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Jennifer and James say they feel close, connected, and committed to each other, but their relationship is no longer
exactly what either would call passionate. How would Sternberg most likely describe their relationship?
A) Permissive
B) Companionate
C) Fatuous
D) Validating
TB_14_30_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
According to Sternberg, in romantic love relationships, which component is missing?
A) Intimacy
B) Infatuation
C) Commitment
D) Passion
TB_14_31_Marriage_LO 14.5_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements is correct about the economic impact of divorce on women?
A) After divorce, they are unlikely to have significant decreases in income.
B) Many women have shorter and non-continuous work histories that impact future jobs and income.
C) Women usually have custody of the children after divorce and pay for the associated costs.
D) The earning capacity of women is roughly equivalent to that of men after a divorce.
394
TB_14_32_Cohabiting Heterosexual Couples_LO 14.6_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements is true regarding couples that cohabitate before marrying?
A) They are less likely to be satisfied with their marriage but less likely to get divorced than couples who do not
cohabitate before marriage.
B) They are less likely to be satisfied with their marriage and more likely to get divorced than couples who do not
cohabitate before marriage.
C) They are more likely to be satisfied with their marriage and less likely to get divorced than couples who do not
cohabitate before marriage.
D) They are more likely to be satisfied with their marriage and also more likely to get divorced than couples who do
not cohabitate before marriage.
TB_14_33_Cohabiting Heterosexual Couples_LO 14.6_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is proposed by Blackwell and Lichter as a possible reason why cohabiting couples are more
likely to get divorced if they marry?
A) Cohabiting couples tend to be more similar than those who do not cohabitate.
B) They are more likely to be monogamous than couples who do not cohabitate.
C) They are less likely to be monogamous than couples who do not cohabitate.
D) Cohabiting couples tend to be less homogamous than those who do not cohabitate.
TB_14_34_Cohabiting Heterosexual Couples_LO 14.6_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is one of the types of cohabiting heterosexual couples as described by Kline, et al.?
A) Those who live together because they believe that marriage is likely to end in divorce
B) Those who have very tentative wedding plans
C) Those who choose to live together as friends who also have sex together
D) Those who regard future marriage as a possibility but also believe that the relationship may be temporary
TB_14_35_Gay and Lesbian Couples_LO 14.7_APA LO 1.1
How many households in the United States are headed by same-sex partners?
A) Over 600,000
B) Over 6,000,000
C) Over 60,000
D) Over 6,000
395
TB_14_36_Gay and Lesbian Couples_LO 14.7_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following statements about homosexual partnerships in our society is correct?
A) Homosexual relationships seem to be less egalitarian in power than heterosexual relationships.
B) Very few lesbians or gays are in long-term committed relationships.
C) Homosexual relationships struggle with issues that are very different to those in heterosexual relationships.
D) Factors related to the success or failure of partnerships are consistent across lesbian, gay, and heterosexual
relationships.
TB_14_37_Singlehood_LO 14.8_APA LO 1.1
What percentage of U.S. adults between the ages of 18 and 34 have never been married?
A) 26%
B) 34%
C) 45%
D) 52%
TB_14_38_Singlehood_LO 14.8_APA LO 1.1
How do individuals who view themselves as single by choice differ from individuals who have been single for a
long time but still want to marry?
A) They are even more likely to suffer the negative effects of being single on physical and psychological health.
B) They are more likely to suffer psychological problems, but not physical problems.
C) They are less likely to suffer the negative effects of being single on physical and psychological health.
D) There are no differences between them in terms of negative health effects.
396
TB_14_39_Parenthood_LO 14.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following is true regarding parenthood?
A) In the U.S., 75% of women aged 18 to 34 have had or expect to have children.
B) In the U.S., women value parenthood more than men.
C) In the U.S., the number of men who view parenthood as a life-enriching experience is greater than the number of
women who feel this way.
D) Mothers are more likely than fathers to be emotionally attached to their unborn children during the third trimester
of pregnancy.
TB_14_40_Parenthood_LO 14.9_APA LO 1.1
How does the social clock in American culture affect the age at which women have children in the 21st century?
A) Women are more likely to remain single, but still bear children.
B) Many believe that people should be socially and economically stable before bringing children into the world.
C) Many believe that it is even more important to find a husband who is financially stable now than in the 20th
century.
D) The average age at which a woman delivers her first child is now almost 30.
TB_14_41_Parenthood_LO 14.9_APA LO 1.1
What happens during the la cuarenta period in Hispanic cultures?
A) The mother of a newborn child is expected to live with her parents for 40 days following the birth of the child.
B) The father of the newborn is expected to celebrate and party for 40 days following the birth of the child.
C) The parents of the newborn rely on the extended family to care for the child during the 40 days following the
birth of the child.
D) The father of a newborn is expected to take on typically feminine tasks such as housework for 40 days following
the birth of the child.
TB_14_42_Parenthood_LO 14.9_APA LO 1.1
In the weeks after giving birth, some women experience feelings of sadness that characterize the mood disturbance
known as
A) major depressive disorder.
B) postpartum depression.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) personality disorder.
397
TB_14_43_Parenthood_LO 14.9_APA LO 1.1
Approximately what percentage of new mothers experience postpartum depression?
A) 5–10%
B) 10–15%
C) 1–5%
D) 15–20%
TB_14_44_Parenthood_LO 14.9_APA LO 1.1
Your friend Karen is seven months pregnant and has recently been diagnosed with depression. Your friend is at risk
for which of the following?
A) Having a premature delivery
B) Developing gestational diabetes
C) Developing postpartum depression
D) Developing an attachment disorder toward the infant
TB_14_45_Parenthood_LO 14.9_APA LO 1.1
What is the most reliable predictor of PPD?
A) Depression during pregnancy
B) Difficulty during the pregnancy
C) Prenatal hormone deficiencies
D) An unplanned pregnancy
TB_14_46_Parenthood_LO 14.9_APA LO 1.1
According to research, what happens to marital satisfaction after the birth of a child?
A) It tends to decrease.
B) It increases.
C) It is enhanced if both partners assume traditional gender roles.
D) It stabilizes after about 2 weeks.
398
TB_14_47_Parenthood_LO 14.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following factors is unlikely to influence marital satisfaction after the birth of a child?
A) Perceptions about the fairness of the division of labor
B) Degree of support from extended family members
C) Relative effectiveness of the coping strategies the couple uses to adapt to new roles
D) The sex of the child
TB_14_48_Parenthood_LO 14.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following couples would most likely report the lowest level of marital satisfaction?
A) Paula and Steve have been married 21 years and have three children who are through college and establishing
themselves in professional careers.
B) Anthony and Anita have been married for three years and are still considering parenthood.
C) Tina and Saul have been married ten years and have two children who are nine and seven years old.
D) Rosario and Juan are both 65 years old and have just retired from the grocery store they have owned and
managed for 40 years.
TB_14_49_Parenthood_LO 14.9_APA LO 1.1
Which of the following couples would most likely report the highest level of marital satisfaction?
A) Elliot and Edwina have been married 20 years and have a daughter who is a junior in college.
B) Ling and Guan have been married eight years and have two children in elementary school.
C) Lenora, a lawyer, and Deion, a banker, have been married two years and have no children.
D) Aaron and Mary own and manage a small grocery store with assistance from their 16-year-old sons.