Chapter 14: Emotions, Attachment, and Social Relationships
1. Which of the following is true of emotions?
a.
The character of emotions changes as we develop cognitively.
b.
Basic emotions are culturally- and developmentally-based.
c.
A neurologically-intact baby can show at least six distinct emotions at birth.
d.
In general, adults cannot interpret infant emotions until the infants are 10 to 12 months old.
2. Which statement best reflects the ethological perspective regarding parent/child attachments?
a.
Attachments form automatically as a result of biological programming.
b.
Human infants and caregivers have biological tendencies to form attachments.
c.
The key to forming close attachments lies in the principles of conditioning and reinforcement.
d.
Learning plays no significant role in the process of developing parent/child attachments.
3. According to Bowlby, the sensitive period for human attachment relationships typically lasts for the first three _____
after birth.
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. Why are internal working models important in the attachment process?
a.
They are one of the few known genetic components of attachments.
b.
They are the only anti-conformity element of an attachment.
c.
They are the key behavioral component of attachments.
d.
They are a key mechanism that allows early experience to impact later behavior.
5. Which scenario best illustrates chumship?
a.
Seventy-year-olds Kate and Ron, who have been happily married for 40 years
b.
Forty-somethings Tasha and Steve, who are really enjoying their first date
c.
Five-year-old Sorboni, who is on a great camping trip with her dad Pradeep
d.
Third-graders Terrell and Chung, who are best friends.
6. Which emotion would be considered the most advanced for an infant to exhibit?
a.
Fear
b.
Interest
c.
Guilt
d.
Sadness
7. Assuming that these children are all developing normally, who would be most likely to have just begun to display self-
conscious emotions?
a.
Bob, who is 2 months old
b.
Antonio, who is 18 months old
c.
Celia, who is 24 months old
d.
Rania, who is 4 years old
8. Two-year-old Ellie is asked by her mother to sing a song in front of her relatives. For the first time in her life, Ellie
experiences the emotion of embarrassment. Developmentalists refer to this type of emotion as a(n) _____ emotion.
a.
amoral
b.
primary
c.
adaptive
d.
self-conscious
9. When a child has begun to monitor the reaction of someone else in order to decide how to react to an ambiguous
situation, he or she is demonstrating
a.
self-awareness.
b.
goal correcting.
c.
imprinting.
d.
social referencing.
10. Two-year-old Henry has learned that whenever he is around his aunt, Katie, it is best not to show any fear because she
does not react well when confronted by a fearful child. Henry’s behavior best illustrates the concept of
a.
avoidant attachment.
b.
emotion regulation.
c.
goal correction.
d.
separation anxiety.
11. A game of peek-a-boo between a mother and her infant daughter best exemplifies the concept of
a.
pretend play.
b.
synchronized routine.
c.
false belief.
d.
induction.
12. The most likely outcome of an infant and parent who are in synchrony is a(n) _____ infant attachment.
a.
secure
b.
insecure avoidant
c.
insecure resistant
d.
undifferentiated
13. It is most accurate to say that a parent’s attachment relationship with his or her child
a.
becomes firmly established before the child is born.
b.
is formed during the few hours immediately following the child’s birth.
c.
will be seriously impaired without opportunities for prolonged contact after birth.
d.
builds gradually over a period of many months.
14. Baby Lonnie has begun to express delight when seeing the faces of his mom, dad, and older sister. How old is Lonnie?
a.
2-6 weeks old
b.
2-3 months old
c.
7-8 months old
d.
11-12 months or older
15. Displaying _____ would indicate the LEAST advanced level of social-cognitive ability.
a.
goal-corrected partnership
b.
undiscriminating social responsiveness
c.
active proximity-seeking/true attachment
d.
discriminating social responsiveness
16. Amanda shows a clear interest in listening to voices of humans but shows no particular preference for one person over
another. Amanda is best classified as being in the _____ phase.
a.
goal-corrected partnership
b.
undiscriminating social responsiveness
c.
active proximity-seeking/true attachment
d.
discriminating social responsiveness
17. Abdi has just realized that before his daddy goes to work in the morning, he eats breakfast in the kitchen. As a result
of this realization, Abdi now goes to the kitchen as soon as he hears dad get up so that he can be near him. This behavior
best exemplifies
a.
goal-corrected partnership.
b.
undiscriminating social responsiveness.
c.
active proximity-seeking/true attachment.
d.
discriminating social responsiveness.
18. Separation anxiety generally appears
a.
at the time when infants begin to prefer human to nonhuman stimuli.
b.
at the time when infants begin to express a preference for familiar people.
c.
when the child forms his or her first genuine attachment.
d.
toward the end of the preoperational period.
19. A college student becomes homesick during her first semester on campus. This response is most related to
a.
stranger anxiety.
b.
resistant attachment.
c.
separation anxiety.
d.
avoidant attachment.
20. Two-year-old Yasmin is going to the dentist for the first time. When she first sees the dentist dressed in a long white
coat, Yasmin reacts by sobbing and hugging her dad. Yasmin’s reaction is best explained as involving _____ anxiety.
a.
stranger
b.
separation
c.
contact
d.
relationship
21. Regarding stranger anxiety, which statement is FALSE?
a.
Stranger anxiety is less likely to occur when mom is close by.
b.
Children are most wary of strangers when they are encountered in familiar surroundings.
c.
Stranger anxiety is lessened when the caregiver responds positively to the stranger.
d.
Stranger anxiety is affected by the appearance of the stranger.
22. David is an 18-month old who lives with his mom Rachel and dad Carl. What attachment style does David likely have
with Rachel?
a.
secure
b.
disorganized-disoriented
c.
resistant
d.
avoidant
23. Pam loves to play with other children. At the park, she frequently runs from the sandbox to her mommy, gives her a
hug, and then runs back. When mom walks a short distance away to get some water, Pam begins to cry and runs after her.
After they both get a drink, they head back toward the sandbox, with Pam running ahead to join the other children in play.
Pam’s attachment relationship with her mother is best described as
a.
secure.
b.
resistant.
c.
avoidant.
d.
disorganized-disoriented.
24. Which behavior best exemplifies the concept of proximity maintenance with a secure attachment?
a.
Becoming distressed when not near mommy
b.
Attempting to keep track of mommy’s location
c.
Exploring away from mommy when she is present
d.
Moving toward mommy if comfort is needed
25. Kono takes her one-year-old son, Chin Ho, to visit an infant-toddler program that he will soon join. Chin Ho appears
very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play, even though Kono is close by. When Kono leaves the room, Chin Ho
becomes extremely upset and remains that way all the time his mother is gone. When Kono returns, Chin Ho stays close
to his mother, but makes it clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. He appears angry with Kono. This best
demonstrates which sort of attachment relationship?
a.
Disorganized
b.
Resistant
c.
Avoidant
d.
Secure
26. A(n) _____ attachment is characterized by a lack of interest in exploring, little distress when separated from the
attached caregiver, and lack of contact when the caregiver returns from separation.
a.
secure
b.
disorganized-disoriented
c.
resistant
d.
avoidant
27. Frieda (18 months) and her mother Callie are visiting at a friend’s house. Although there are lots of toys to play with,
Frieda seems disinterested. When Callie and her friend go to the kitchen for tea, Frieda appears undisturbed. Twenty
minutes later, Callie returns and tries to pick Frieda up. Frieda is unresponsive and wants to get down. When put down,
Frieda ignores her mother and wanders around. This best demonstrates a(n) _____ attachment relationship between Frieda
and her mom.
a.
disorganized-disoriented
b.
resistant
c.
avoidant
d.
secure
28. Which of the following infants is most likely to experience emotional problems later in life?
a.
Robbie, who has resistant attachment
b.
Maya, who has avoidant attachment
c.
Montell, who has reliant attachment
d.
Hae, who has disorganized-disoriented attachment
29. Lisa is a very high-strung, active mom. Her baby, Marie, is very laid back and calm. When Lisa bounces Marie on her
knee, tickles her, and talks to her in an excited voice, Marie turns away. Lisa turns Marie back toward her, bounces her
more rigorously, and continues to talk and sing loudly. Based on this pattern of behavior, it is most likely that Marie will
develop ________.
a.
avoidant attachment
b.
stranger anxiety
c.
resistant attachment
d.
relational aggression
30. Which type of infant attachment is best associated with having a parent who is abusing drugs?
a.
Disorganized-disoriented
b.
Resistant
c.
Avoidant
d.
Secure
31. Which of the following has been shown in cross-cultural studies of attachment?
a.
Parental sensitivity and responsiveness are the critical factors across cultures.
b.
Although supported in individualistic cultures, attachment theory does not appear useful in collectivist
cultures.
c.
Infant factors are critical in individualistic cultures and parental factors are critical in collectivist cultures.
d.
There is no evidence that individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ in parenting styles.
32. Which statement concerning the role of culture on infant attachment is true?
a.
Attachment styles are universal and unaffected by culture.
b.
In collectivist cultures, infants are more likely to develop autonomous behaviors.
c.
Most infants raised in individualistic cultures are insecurely attached to their primary caregiver.
d.
A secure attachment is best defined by cultural standards that can vary from country to country.
33. What is the best way to prevent the negative impacts typically found in infants raised in institutions?
a.
Better physical care
b.
Improved sensory stimulation
c.
A stable team of caregivers
d.
Designated “mother figures”
34. As an infant, Molly was securely attached to her mother and her father, and this attachment has not changed. When
she enters preschool, she is most likely to
a.
strenuously resist separating from her parents.
b.
cling to her teacher in her parents’ absence.
c.
be curious and willing to explore her environment.
d.
be socially immature.
35. Longitudinal research on the long-term effects of having been securely attached as an infant indicates that a(n)
a.
secure attachment in infancy predicted the quality of peer relationships in elementary school.
b.
insecure attachment in infancy predicted the quality of one’s marriage.
c.
secure attachment in adolescence predicted the quality of life review near death.
d.
insecure attachment in adolescence predicted college grades.
36. Regarding attachment, which is true?
a.
A secure attachment to one’s father can compensate for poor attachment with one’s mother.
b.
The quality of attachments in childhood does not predict later social competence.
c.
Insecurely attached infants will have emotional problems all their lives.
d.
Life events do not impact an attachment style once it has been formed.
37. Which statement best summarizes the effects of parent-child attachments on later development?
a.
Insecurely attached infants have life-long emotional problems, even if the attachment style improves after
infancy.
b.
A secure relationship with one’s father cannot compensate for an insecure mother-child attachment
relationship.
c.
A secure attachment may become insecure as a result of major stresses in the family, such as divorce or a
mother returning to work.
d.
An infant who is securely attached to its mother at age one appears to make that child “invulnerable to later
socioemotional” difficulties.
38. Thomas is on the floor and highly engaged with the toy train engine that he is pushing around the track by himself.
Thomas is most accurately said to be engaged in _____ play.
a.
unoccupied
b.
solitary
c.
onlooker
d.
associative
39. Addy and Kit are both playing with dolls in the doll corner. They are dressing and undressing the dolls, and pretending
to feed them dinner. However, Addy and Kit do not talk to one another or involve each other in their play. This best
demonstrates which type of play?
a.
Associative
b.
Cooperative
c.
Solitary
d.
Parallel
40. Which is the primary distinction between associative and cooperative play?
a.
Cooperative play involves activities directed toward a common goal and associative play does not.
b.
Cooperative play involves sharing the same materials while associative play does not.
c.
Cooperative play involves interaction between playmates while associative play does not.
d.
Cooperative play emerges during the concrete-operational period while associative play emerges during
preoperational thought.
41. Which behavior best illustrates social pretend play?
a.
using a pail to represent a hat
b.
acting out a tea party with dolls
c.
playing soccer with a group of friends
d.
smiling when eating a make-believe cookie
42. Which is true with regard to the effects of play on development?
a.
Preschoolers who engage in considerable amounts of social pretend play tend to be more popular and more
socially mature than those who do not.
b.
Play contributes significantly to physical and social development, but has little impact on the development of
cognitive skills.
c.
While engagement in pretend play tends to stimulate creative thought processes, it tends to interfere with the
development of logical thought.
d.
Play contributes to the emotional development of preschoolers by helping children work through unresolved
conflicts, but it detracts from children’s intellectual development by keeping them from engaging in more
productive academic tasks.
43. Which question would you be most likely to find on a sociometric assessment?
a.
What makes you feel sad?
b.
Does mommy make you feel safe?
c.
Do you feel good about yourself?
d.
Which classmate do you really like?
44. Molly’s classmates rarely choose her as a playmate, yet she is not disliked by most of her peers. She tends to be shy
and quiet, and on rare occasions when someone does ask her to play, Molly often says no and walks away. According to
categories of sociometric status, Molly is best classified as
a.
neglected.
b.
rejected.
c.
antisocial.
d.
controversial.
45. When commenting on a rejected child, peers would be most likely to say,
a.
“She’s quiet but fun.”
b.
“He’s okay most of the time.”
c.
“I don’t like that kid.”
d.
“I don’t know who that is.”
46. Which of the following is NOT associated with “popularity” in childhood?
a.
Being physically attractive
b.
Being intelligent
c.
Being socially competent
d.
Being unassertive
47. Reggie has both leadership qualities and is an aggressive bully. Given this mix of characteristics, he is most likely to
be rated as _____ by his peers.
a.
controversial
b.
rejected
c.
neglected
d.
average
48. Which statement concerning childhood friendships is FALSE?
a.
Many unpopular children have at least one reciprocal friend.
b.
Having a friend increases the odds of being happy.
c.
Having a chum is not as good as having a friend.
d.
True friends are not considered attachment figures.
49. Adolescents who have secure attachments with their parents have
a.
higher levels of self-esteem.
b.
lower levels of compassion.
c.
lower levels of social competence.
d.
higher levels of stranger anxiety
50. According to Dumpy (1963), the typical developmental sequence of events in the adolescent peer group is
a.
isolated unisex cliques, interaction between unisex cliques, heterosexual cliques, fully developed crowds.
b.
heterosexual crowds, isolated unisex cliques, interaction between unisex cliques, groups of couples.
c.
isolated heterosexual cliques, interaction between heterosexual crowds, unisex cliques, groups of couples.
d.
isolated unisex groups, heterosexual crowds, interaction between heterosexual groups, groups of cliques.