87. A child who insists on giving every student in the class four cookies – even the ones who misbehaved for the
substitute teacher – is practicing which of the following?
a.
equity rule
b.
reciprocity rule
c.
equality rule
d.
parity rule
88. D’Andre goes around his room and gives each of his classmates a cookie, but he gives two cookies to April and
Mykal, who were the best behaved boy and girl this week. What rule is D’Andre following?
a.
dual-process rule
b.
equity rule
c.
parity rule
d.
mutuality rule
89. Which of the following lists the concepts in the proper causal order?
a.
b.
c.
d.
90. Which of the following will be the most effective indicator that a person will behave ethically at work?
a.
having weak power assertion
b.
having a strong moral identity
c.
being at Kohlberg’s Stage 3
d.
being at Kohlberg’s Stage 4
91. Considering the bias that problem teenagers have in processing environmental cues, their aggressive behavior is
actually ________.
a.
prosocial
b.
reciprocal
c.
defensive
d.
empathic
92. A proponent of Patterson’s theory who is studying aggressive behavior would be LEAST likely to explore which of
the following aspects of research subjects?
a.
stressors
b.
culture
c.
heredity
d.
parenting
93. Which of the following best reflects the concept of gene-environment correlation in aggressive youth?
a.
The roles of genes and environment have a negative correlation in relation to youth aggression.
b.
Genetic predisposition to violence promotes aggressive behavior regardless of environment.
c.
Aggressive children incite power-based parenting, encouraging further aggression in children.
d.
Parents with low genetic tendency for aggression can counteract such behavior in their children.
94. Who is most likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior in high school?
a.
a Hispanic American teenager
b.
a Japanese teenager
c.
a European American teenager
d.
a Scandinavian teenager
95. As director of a positive youth development program working with teens who have been expelled from school for
violent behavior, what would be the main focus of your staff’s activities?
a.
teaching teens the legal consequences of further violent behavior
b.
exploring personal assets of each teen and ways to strengthen them
c.
coaching the teens’ parents in more mutually responsive strategies
d.
providing academic tutoring to ensure teens get a GED certificate
96. Sasha is a group leader at a positive youth development program working with problem teens. Her primary focus is
the impact of the environment on teens’ behavior. Which of the program’s “Five Cs” does Sasha focus on?
a.
Citizenship
b.
Competence
c.
Character
d.
Connection
97. A group of ten middle-aged adults are discussing a complex moral issue that is impacting the nation. How many of
these people will likely base their opinion on postconventional reasoning?
a.
1
b.
3
c.
5
d.
7
98. Which of the following people best reflects a spiritual perspective?
a.
Ahmad, who faces Mecca and prays five times a day
b.
Rosa, who goes to Catholic mass every morning
c.
Samuel, who works with young people at his local temple
d.
Martha, who attends monthly yoga and meditation retreats
99. Kathleen is 75 years old and has been a Catholic all her life. Which of the following practices does she likely engage
in most frequently?
a.
attending mass
b.
going to confession
c.
praying the rosary
d.
taking communion
100. Walter has never seen any value to being religious or spiritual, and he doesn’t see the need to start now that he’s in a
senior housing facility. According to Erikson, Walter is at risk for which of the following?
a.
stagnation
b.
despair
c.
isolation
d.
inferiority
101. Desire psychology has been seen in children as young as six months of age.
a.
True
b.
False
102. Children between 6 and 10 years of age tend to view rules as unalterable.
a.
True
b.
False
103. Individuals at the postconventional level of moral reasoning view right and wrong in terms of existing societal laws.
a.
True
b.
False
104. The majority of adolescents have achieved Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral reasoning.
a.
True
b.
False
105. According to Dodge’s model, antisocial adolescents process information differently than other adolescents.
a.
True
b.
False
106. Aggressive youths tend to evaluate the consequences of aggression far more negatively than their non-violent peers.
a.
True
b.
False
107. By middle age, most adults have progressed to Kohlberg’s postconventional level of moral reasoning.
a.
True
b.
False
108. By preparing supper for a table full of stuffed animals in his make-believe kitchen, George is developing his theory
of mind.
a.
True
b.
False
109. Two-year old Ava feels guilty when she does something wrong, however she lacks the cognitive development for her
reactions to be considered evidence of a conscience.
a.
True
b.
False
110. Piaget found that children have sophisticated morality because they believe in different, relative tiers of rules.
a.
True
b.
False
111. Dr. Cairns must decide whether to administer a lethal dose of narcotics to a dying patient who is in a great deal of
pain. What sorts of things would Dr. Cairns consider in making his decision at each of Kohlberg’s six stages of moral
development?
Answer not provided
112. How might Dodge’s social information-processing model be used to explain the behavior of teenagers who are
actively involved in gang violence?
113. What is the nature of the debate between the moral reasoning perspective of Kohlberg and the dual-process
perspective? Which theory do you support? Explain your reasoning.
114. What are the fundamental differences between the preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels of
moral reasoning? Provide examples to support your thinking.
115. Describe desire psychology and belief-desire psychology. Provide an example of each to explain your thinking.
Answer not provided
116. Why are children and adolescents who have advanced perspective-taking skills more popular? Provide situational
examples of a person with undeveloped perspective-taking and a person with developed perspective-taking to support
your thinking.
Answer not provided
117. Describe the three main components of morality. Provide an example of each to support your thinking.
Answer not provided
118. How would living in a country run by a dictator who exercises absolute authority over society influence a person’s
moral growth? Provide an example – actual or hypothetical – to support your thinking.
119. Describe how goodness-of-fit in the home can impact a child’s social behavior and moral development. Provide
examples to support your thinking.
120. Write short profiles of people who fall into each of the two subgroups of antisocial youths, including age of onset,
possible behaviors, causes, and prognosis for later in life.