53. Ned tells his son Jacob, “For hitting your brother, you need to be disciplined, so get ready for a spanking.” Ned’s
parenting approach to moral development best matches with the parenting style referred to as
a.
power assertion.
b.
induction.
c.
love withdrawal.
d.
empathy.
54. Which action is the best example of a power assertion form of discipline?
a.
Telling a child that you hate him
b.
Taking away a child’s television privileges
c.
Telling a child that a child who gets hit feels bad
d.
Taking away parental love from a child
55. Harvey practically killed his pet hamster when he popped him in the tub for a bubble bath. His parents take an
inductive approach in responding to this situation by
a.
b.
c.
d.
56. The fact that a fearful child may become more anxious when disciplined than a fearless child best demonstrates how
the factor of _____ can impact moral development.
a.
vicarious consequences
b.
temperament
c.
observational learning
d.
unconscious desires
57. Throughout adolescence, there is a decrease in _____ moral reasoning and an increase in _____ moral reasoning.
a.
conventional; postconventional
b.
preconventional; conventional
c.
conventional; preconventional
d.
rule-based; social-conventional
58. Research on antisocial behavior has shown that
a.
most antisocial teens grow up to be antisocial adults.
b.
juvenile delinquents are more likely to be conventional thinkers.
c.
aggressive children tend not to display antisocial behavior until early adulthood.
d.
aggressive youth tend to show less empathy.
59. Highly aggressive youth tend to
a.
belong to groups in which bullying is seen as a punishable offense.
b.
consider a variety of reactions before acting aggressively.
c.
be highly accepted by most of their age peers.
d.
believe that their aggressive acts will produce positive consequences.
60. Which decision is a highly aggressive youth most likely to make when a classmate runs into her in the hallway?
a.
Concluding that violent actions lead to bad consequences
b.
Deciding to set a goal of becomes friends with the classmate
c.
Assuming that the classmate’s intent was to hurt her
d.
Assuming that the incident was an accident
61. When considering social cognitive causes of aggression, concern over a person’s levels of impulsivity best reflect the
extent to which the problem is due to _____ one thinks.
a.
how
b.
what
c.
whether
d.
where
62. Which statement concerning the role of genetics in determining aggression is true?
a.
Behavioral geneticists suggest that 90 percent of aggression can be accounted for by genetics.
b.
The fact that males can only have a limited number of children contributes significantly to their evolutionary–
based levels of aggression.
c.
Children who inherit a predisposition toward aggression may evoke aggressive reactions from their parents.
d.
Having parents and children who are both genetically predisposed toward aggression tends to result in a
paradox effect, which results in little aggression by either child or parent.
63. Regarding moral development in adulthood, which is true?
a.
Moral development in older males progresses at a faster rate than in older females.
b.
Moral reasoning deteriorates significantly in old age.
c.
The majority of older adults are preconventional thinkers.
d.
Postconventional thinking emerges only during adulthood.
64. Persons in collectivist cultures may look like they are at Kohlberg’s _____ of moral reasoning despite having
sophisticated ideas about justice.
a.
stage 2
b.
stage 3
c.
stage 4
d.
stage 5
65. Cross-cultural findings support the ______ perspective on moral development.
a.
cognitive-developmental
b.
psychodynamic
c.
social learning
d.
interactionist
66. According to Greene, there is a(n) _____ process that allows us to automatically focus on the harm that would be
caused were we to violate a moral principle.
a.
intuitive
b.
deliberative
c.
cognitive
d.
controlled
67. Kohlberg’s model of moral development has been characterized as placing too great an emphasis on
a.
genes.
b.
moral reasoning.
c.
peers.
d.
unconscious motivation.
68. According to Haidt’s evolutionary theory, humans have evolved as a species in which
a.
quick moral intuitions are common and critical.
b.
females are better at suppressing amoral tendencies than males.
c.
moral decision-making is based solely on situational context.
d.
most moral decision-making involves long, deliberative reasoning.
69. Concerning the developmental pattern of religiosity and spirituality,
a.
religiosity is strongest in middle age.
b.
levels of spirituality are lower than religiosity throughout adulthood.
c.
spirituality declines significantly in old age (particularly among women).
d.
adolescents tend to be neither spiritual nor show religiosity.
70. Which of the following best reflects the concept of social cognition?
a.
acting appropriately with others
b.
thinking about how people function
c.
sharing emotions with groups
d.
avoiding unlawful behaviors
71. Which of the following situations reflects a theory of mind?
a.
April touches the hot stove and pulls her hand away.
b.
Donna drinks water to quench her thirst in the hot sun.
c.
Jorge wants a cookie so he gets one from the cabinet.
d.
Tuan cries because he has a fever and a headache.
72. Miyako watches her son Daichi run out of the house on a chilly spring day in a light t-shirt. “He’ll be back for a jacket
in a few minutes,” she thinks to herself. Sure enough, Daichi suddenly bursts in, grabs his jacket, and runs out again. What
led Miyako to accurately predict her son’s behavior?
a.
empathy
b.
desire psychology
c.
social convention
d.
theory of mind
73. Matthew works regularly with an autism counselor at his school. Today the focus is practicing emotional response,
because Matthew generally has no reaction if a classmate displays sadness or anger or joy. Matthew’s behavior is a
symptom of his ________.
a.
love withdrawal
b.
moral disengagement
c.
mind blindness
d.
conduct disorder
74. What is the underlying concept of the false belief task?
a.
discerning between right and wrong
b.
setting aside moral considerations
c.
understanding what others think
d.
pretending to feel sympathy for people
75. Why is pretend play important for the development of social cognition?
a.
It demands joint attention.
b.
It takes place in the mind.
c.
It requires cooperation.
d.
It follows common rules.
76. After picking him up from the principal’s office, Joel talked with his son Taye about the incident at school. “I bet you
were upset that Donte’s painting was picked to be in the lobby, but it’s not appropriate to hit him. How do you think he
feels, with his best friend giving him a black eye?” What is Joel demonstrating with Taye?
a.
power assertion
b.
prosocial behavior
c.
mind-mindedness
d.
positive youth development
77. When Lamont saw Debbie looking at her neighbor’s paper during the spelling test, he immediately raised his hand and
told the teacher that Debbie was cheating. Which component of morality is Lamont demonstrating?
a.
cognitive
b.
reciprocal
c.
behavioral
d.
emotional
78. After sitting on the bench for 15 minutes with the wallet she found, Bonnie decided that a person walking around with
$1500 in their pocket clearly didn’t have money problems, so she decided to keep the cash and pay off her bills. Which
component of morality is Bonnie demonstrating as she sits on the bench?
a.
cognitive
b.
withdrawal
c.
behavioral
d.
emotional
79. At the vaccination clinic, as soon as the first baby received the injection and started crying, all the other babies in the
nurse practitioner’s office burst into tears. These infants are demonstrating ________.
a.
reciprocity
b.
prosocial behavior
c.
induction
d.
empathy
80. Which of the following demonstrates that infants have a conceptual understanding of morality?
a.
offering to help someone perform a task
b.
giving a hug to someone who is upset
c.
expressing surprise at an unfair situation
d.
playing together nicely with others
81. The fact that babies exhibit physical aggression is evidence that such behavior is ________.
a.
learned
b.
natural
c.
reflexive
d.
coercive
82. Which of the following children is likely to exhibit the most aggressive behavior?
a.
Rico, who is 1 year old
b.
Elaine, who is 2 years old
c.
Hakim, who is 3 years old
d.
Reba, who is 4 years old
83. Helena wants to make sure her baby grows into a respectful person who cares for others and is guided by strong moral
principles. To achieve this goal, Helena and her husband should practice a ________ orientation in their home.
a.
dynamically empathic
b.
morally reciprocal
c.
prosocially engaged
d.
mutually responsive
84. Contrary to what Piaget would think, Ben not only knew that Tracey broke the dollhouse, he knew why she did it.
How old is Ben?
a.
18 months old
b.
24 months old
c.
3 years old
d.
4 years old
85. Once young children develop a theory of mind, their sense of morality and justice becomes more ________.
a.
stark
b.
assertive
c.
punitive
d.
relative
86. Ms. Chao assigned Leon to be room monitor while she went to the office to take a phone call. Within a minute, the
first grade class devolved into chaos. When Ms. Chao returned, what did Leon say warranted the most serious
punishment?
a.
Tam and Ella passing secret notes
b.
Susie sneaking up to take a drink
c.
Miguel biting Brad on his elbow
d.
Asha scribbling on Paul’s desk